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== '''[[101- Introduction|Section 101 Introduction]]''' ==
:[[101- Introduction#101.1 Purpose|101.1 Purpose]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.1 Purpose|101.1 Purpose]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.2 Limitations of the Design Manual|101.2 Limitations of the Design Manual]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.2 Limitations of the Design Manual|101.2 Limitations of the Design Manual]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.3 Policy|101.3 Policy]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.3 Modifications to the Design Manual|101.3 Modifications to the Design Manual]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.4 Applicable Design Specifications and Standards|101.4 Applicable Design Specifications and Standards]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.4 Policy|101.4 Policy]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.4.1 Design Specification Reference Nomenclature|101.4.1 Design Specification Reference Nomenclature]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.5 Applicable Design Specifications and Standards|101.5 Applicable Design Specifications and Standards]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.4.2 Design Specifications|101.4.2 Design Specifications]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.5.1 Design Specification Reference Nomenclature|101.5.1 Design Specification Reference Nomenclature]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.4.3 AASHTO Interim Specifications and New Editions|101.4.3 AASHTO Interim Specifications and New Editions]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.5.2 Design Specifications|101.5.2 Design Specifications]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.4.4 Deviations from Specifications|101.4.4 Deviations from Specifications]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.5.3 AASHTO Interim Specifications and New Editions|101.5.3 AASHTO Interim Specifications and New Editions]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.4.5 Order of Precedence|101.4.5 Order of Precedence]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.5.4 Deviations from Specifications|101.5.4 Deviations from Specifications]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.4.6 Modifications to the Design Manual|101.4.6 Modifications to the Design Manual]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.5.5 Order of Precedence|101.5.5 Order of Precedence]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.4.7 Additional Reference Manuals and Documents|101.4.7 Additional Reference Manuals and Documents]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.5.6 Additional Reference Manuals and Documents|101.5.6 Additional Reference Manuals and Documents]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.5 Terms|101.5 Terms]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.6 Terms|101.6 Terms]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.5.1 Bridge Types|101.5.1 Bridge Types]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.6.1 Bridge Types|101.6.1 Bridge Types]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.5.2 Roadway Types|101.5.2 Roadway Types]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.6.2 Roadway Types|101.6.2 Roadway Types]]
:::[[101- Introduction#101.5.2.1 Functional Classification|101.5.2.1 Functional Classification]]
:::[[101- Introduction#101.6.2.1 Functional Classification|101.6.2.1 Functional Classification]]
:::[[101- Introduction#101.5.2.2 National Highway System|101.5.2.2 National Highway System]]
:::[[101- Introduction#101.6.2.2 National Highway System|101.6.2.2 National Highway System]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.5.3 Project Types|101.5.3 Project Types]]
::[[101- Introduction#101.6.3 Project Types|101.6.3 Project Types]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.6 FHWA Stewardship and Oversight Agreement|101.6 FHWA Stewardship and Oversight Agreement]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.7 FHWA Stewardship and Oversight Agreement|101.7 FHWA Stewardship and Oversight Agreement]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.7 Computer Software|101.7 Computer Software]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.8 Computer Software|101.8 Computer Software]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.8 Feedback|101.8 Feedback]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.9 Feedback|101.9 Feedback]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.9 References|101.9 References]]
:[[101- Introduction#101.10 References|101.10 References]]


==  '''[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements|Section 102 Bridge Design Submission Requirements]]''' ==
==  [[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements|Section 102 Bridge Design Submission Requirements]] ==
:[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1 Plan Presentation|102.1 Plan Presentation]]
:[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1 Plan Presentation|102.1 Plan Presentation]]
::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.1 Drafting Standards|102.1.1 Drafting Standards]]
::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.1 Drafting Standards|102.1.1 Drafting Standards]]
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:[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.12 References|102.12 References]]
:[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.12 References|102.12 References]]


==  '''[[103 – Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection|Section 103 Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection]]''' ==
==  [[103 – Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection|Section 103 Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection]] ==
:[[103 – Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection#103.1 Introduction|103.1 Introduction]]
:[[103 – Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection#103.1 Introduction|103.1 Introduction]]
:[[103 – Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection#103.2 Terms|103.2 Terms]]
:[[103 – Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection#103.2 Terms|103.2 Terms]]
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:[[103 – Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection#103.11 References|103.11 References]]
:[[103 – Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection#103.11 References|103.11 References]]


==  '''[[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics|Section 104 Hydrology and Hydraulics]]''' ==
==  [[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics|Section 104 Hydrology and Hydraulics]] ==
:[[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics#104.1 Introduction|104.1 Introduction]]
:[[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics#104.1 Introduction|104.1 Introduction]]
::[[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics#104.1.1 Terms|104.1.1 Terms]]
::[[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics#104.1.1 Terms|104.1.1 Terms]]
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::[[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics#104.8.6 DelDOT Project Development Manual|104.8.6 DelDOT Project Development Manual]]
::[[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics#104.8.6 DelDOT Project Development Manual|104.8.6 DelDOT Project Development Manual]]
:[[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics#104.9 References|104.9 References]]
:[[104 – Hydrology and Hydraulics#104.9 References|104.9 References]]
:[[Appendix 104-1: Hydraulic Field Assessment Checklist]]
:[[Appendix 104-2: Hydraulic Survey Form]]
:[[Appendix 104-3: H&H Report Hydraulic Data Summary Sheet]]
:[[Appendix 104-4: H&H Report Sample Format]]


==  '''[[Appendix 104-1: Hydraulic Field Assessment Checklist]]''' ==
==  [[105 - Geotechnical Investigations|Section 105 Geotechnical Investigations]] ==
 
== '''[[Appendix 104-2: Hydraulic Survey Form]]''' ==
 
== '''[[Appendix 104-3: H&H Report Hydraulic Data Summary Sheet]]''' ==
 
== '''[[Appendix 104-4: H&H Report Sample Format]]''' ==
 
==  '''[[105 - Geotechnical Investigations|Section 105 Geotechnical Investigations]]''' ==
:[[105 - Geotechnical Investigations#105.1 Introduction|105.1 Introduction]]
:[[105 - Geotechnical Investigations#105.1 Introduction|105.1 Introduction]]
:[[105 - Geotechnical Investigations#105.2 Terms|105.2 Terms]]
:[[105 - Geotechnical Investigations#105.2 Terms|105.2 Terms]]
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:[[105 - Geotechnical Investigations#105.7 References|105.7 References]]
:[[105 - Geotechnical Investigations#105.7 References|105.7 References]]


== '''[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure|Section 106 Final Design Consideration – Superstructure]]''' ==
== [[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure|Section 106 Final Design Consideration – Superstructure]] ==
:[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.1 Introduction|106.1 Introduction]]
:[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.1 Introduction|106.1 Introduction]]
:[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.2 Terms|106.2 Terms]]
:[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.2 Terms|106.2 Terms]]
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::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.5 Tensile Stresses Due to Prestressing|106.9.5 Tensile Stresses Due to Prestressing]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.5 Tensile Stresses Due to Prestressing|106.9.5 Tensile Stresses Due to Prestressing]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.6 De-bonding Versus Draping|106.9.6 De-bonding Versus Draping]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.6 De-bonding Versus Draping|106.9.6 De-bonding Versus Draping]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.7 Reinforcement|106.9.7 Reinforcement]]
::[[106 - Final_Design_Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.7 Tensile Stresses at Service Limit State After Losses|106.9.7 Tensile Stresses at Service Limit State After Losses]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.7.1 Composite Shear Reinforcement|106.9.7.1 Composite Shear Reinforcement]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.8 Reinforcement|106.9.8 Reinforcement]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.7.2 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement|106.9.7.2 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.8.1 Composite Shear Reinforcement|106.9.8.1 Composite Shear Reinforcement]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.8 Skew Effects|106.9.8 Skew Effects]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.8.2 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement|106.9.8.2 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.8.1 Grade and Cross-Slope Effects|106.9.8.1 Grade and Cross-Slope Effects]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.9 Skew Effects|106.9.9 Skew Effects]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.8.2 Horizontal Curve and Flare Effect|106.9.8.2 Horizontal Curve and Flare Effect]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.9.1 Grade and Cross-Slope Effects|106.9.9.1 Grade and Cross-Slope Effects]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.9 Camber|106.9.9 Camber]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.9.2 Horizontal Curve and Flare Effect|106.9.9.2 Horizontal Curve and Flare Effect]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.9.1 Consideration for Staged Construction Camber|106.9.9.1 Consideration for Staged Construction Camber]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.10 Camber|106.9.10 Camber]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.9.2 Simple Spans Made Continuous|106.9.9.2 Simple Spans Made Continuous]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.10.1 Consideration for Staged Construction Camber|106.9.10.1 Consideration for Staged Construction Camber]]
:::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.9.10.2 Simple Spans Made Continuous|106.9.10.2 Simple Spans Made Continuous]]
:[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.10 Bearings|106.10 Bearings]]
:[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.10 Bearings|106.10 Bearings]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.10.1 Elastomeric Bearings|106.10.1 Elastomeric Bearings]]
::[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.10.1 Elastomeric Bearings|106.10.1 Elastomeric Bearings]]
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:[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.11 References|106.11 References]]
:[[106 - Final Design Consideration - Superstructure#106.11 References|106.11 References]]


== '''[[107 - Final Design Considerations - Substructure|Section 107 Final Design Considerations – Substructure]]''' ==
== [[107 - Final Design Considerations - Substructure|Section 107 Final Design Considerations – Substructure]] ==
:[[107 - Final Design Considerations - Substructure#107.1 Introduction|107.1 Introduction]]
:[[107 - Final Design Considerations - Substructure#107.1 Introduction|107.1 Introduction]]
:[[107 - Final Design Considerations - Substructure#107.2 Terms|107.2 Terms]]
:[[107 - Final Design Considerations - Substructure#107.2 Terms|107.2 Terms]]
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:[[107 - Final Design Considerations - Substructure#107.10 References|107.10 References]]
:[[107 - Final Design Considerations - Substructure#107.10 References|107.10 References]]


==  '''[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#|Section 108 Bridge Load Rating]]''' ==
==  [[108 - Bridge Load Rating#|Section 108 Bridge Load Rating]] ==
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.1 Introduction|108.1 Introduction]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.2 Application|108.2 Application]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.3 Terms|108.3 Terms]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.4 Load Rating Specifications|108.4 Load Rating Specifications]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.5 Load Rating Process|108.5 Load Rating Process]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.6 Responsibility|108.6 Responsibility]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.7 Quality Control Procedures|108.7 Quality Control Procedures]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.7.1 Quality Control Roles and Responsibilities|108.7.1 Quality Control Roles and Responsibilities]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.7.2 Load Rating Engineer Qualifications|108.7.2 Load Rating Engineer Qualifications]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.7.3 Load Rater Qualifications|108.7.3 Load Rater Qualifications]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.7.4 Load Rating Reviewer Qualifications|108.7.4 Load Rating Reviewer Qualifications]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.7.5 Review and Validation of Load Rating Reports|108.7.5 Review and Validation of Load Rating Reports]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.7.6 Resolution of Data, Errors and Changes|108.7.6 Resolution of Data, Errors and Changes]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.8 Quality Assurance Procedures|108.8 Quality Assurance Procedures]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.8.1 Quality Assurance Roles and Responsibilities|108.8.1 Quality Assurance Roles and Responsibilities]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.8.2 Load Rating Quality Assurance Review Procedures|108.8.2 Load Rating Quality Assurance Review Procedures]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.8.2.1 Sampling Parameters|108.8.2.1 Sampling Parameters]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.8.2.2 Acceptance Criteria|108.8.2.2 Acceptance Criteria]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.8.2.3 Annual Report|108.8.2.3 Annual Report]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9 Load Rating Requirements|108.9 Load Rating Requirements]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9.1 New Bridges|108.9.1 New Bridges]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9.2 Rehabilitated Bridges|108.9.2 Rehabilitated Bridges]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9.3 During Construction|108.9.3 During Construction]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9.4 Bridge Inspections|108.9.4 Bridge Inspections]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9.5 Load Rating Timeline|108.9.5 Load Rating Timeline]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9.5.1 New Bridge and Rehabilitated Bridges|108.9.5.1 New Bridge and Rehabilitated Bridges]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9.5.2 Load Ratings Based on Bridge Inspections|108.9.5.2 Load Ratings Based on Bridge Inspections]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9.5.3 Periodic Load Rating Review|108.9.5.3 Periodic Load Rating Review]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.9.6 Rated Members|108.9.6 Rated Members]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10 Load Rating Procedures|108.10 Load Rating Procedures]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.1 Analytical Steps in Load Rating|108.10.1 Analytical Steps in Load Rating]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.2 Information Gathering|108.10.2 Information Gathering]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.2.1 Material Properties|108.10.2.1 Material Properties]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.3 Load Rating Methods|108.10.3 Load Rating Methods]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.3.1 Load and Resistance Factor Rating Method|108.10.3.1 Load and Resistance Factor Rating Method]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.3.2 Diagnostic Load Testing|108.10.3.2 Diagnostic Load Testing]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.3.3 Pipe Culverts|108.10.3.3 Pipe Culverts]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.3.4 Other Methods|108.10.3.4 Other Methods]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.4 Structural Analysis and Tools|108.10.4 Structural Analysis and Tools]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.4.1 Structural Analysis Requirements|108.10.4.1 Structural Analysis Requirements]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.4.2 BRASS Data Set Standards|108.10.4.2 BRASS Data Set Standards]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.5 General Load Rating Equation|108.10.5 General Load Rating Equation]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.5.1 Limit States, Load Effects, and Load Factors|108.10.5.1 Limit States, Load Effects, and Load Factors]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.5.2 Condition Factor|108.10.5.2 Condition Factor]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.5.3 System Factor|108.10.5.3 System Factor]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.5.4 Resistance Factors|108.10.5.4 Resistance Factors]]
:::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.5.5 Loads|108.10.5.5 Loads]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.6 Load Rating Report|108.10.6 Load Rating Report]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.7 Load Rating Examples|108.10.7 Load Rating Examples]]
::[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.10.8 Load Restriction Posting|108.10.8 Load Restriction Posting]]
:[[108 - Bridge Load Rating#108.11 References|108.11 References]]
 
== [[Appendix 108-1 - Sample Brass-LRFD Data File|'''Appendix 108-1: Sample Brass-LRFD Data File''']] ==


== [[Appendix 108-2 - Load Restriction Resolution|'''Appendix 108-2: Load Restriction Resolution''']] ==
== [[109 - Bridge Preservation Strategies|Section 109 Bridge Preservation Strategies]] ==
 
== '''[[109 - Bridge Preservation Strategies|Section 109 Bridge Preservation Strategies]]''' ==
:[[109 - Bridge Preservation Strategies#109.1 Introduction|109.1 Introduction]]
:[[109 - Bridge Preservation Strategies#109.1 Introduction|109.1 Introduction]]
::[[109 - Bridge Preservation Strategies#109.1.1 Bridge Inspections and Load Ratings|109.1.1 Bridge Inspections and Load Ratings]]
::[[109 - Bridge Preservation Strategies#109.1.1 Bridge Inspections and Load Ratings|109.1.1 Bridge Inspections and Load Ratings]]
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:[[109 - Bridge Preservation Strategies#109.16 References|109.16 References]]
:[[109 - Bridge Preservation Strategies#109.16 References|109.16 References]]


== '''[[110 - Ancillary Structures|Section 110 Ancillary Structures]]''' ==
== [[110 - Ancillary Structures|Section 110 Ancillary Structures]] ==
:[[110 - Ancillary Structures#110.1 Introduction|110.1 Introduction]]
:[[110 - Ancillary Structures#110.1 Introduction|110.1 Introduction]]
:[[110 - Ancillary Structures#110.2 Terms|110.2 Terms]]
:[[110 - Ancillary Structures#110.2 Terms|110.2 Terms]]
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:[[110 - Ancillary Structures#110.5 References|110.5 References]]
:[[110 - Ancillary Structures#110.5 References|110.5 References]]


==  '''[[111 - Construction Coordination|Section 111 Construction Coordination]]''' ==
==  [[111 - Construction Coordination|Section 111 Construction Coordination]] ==
:[[111 - Construction Coordination#111.1 Working Drawings|111.1 Working Drawings]]
:[[111 - Construction Coordination#111.1 Working Drawings|111.1 Working Drawings]]
::[[111 - Construction Coordination#111.1.1 Required Working Drawings|111.1.1 Required Working Drawings]]
::[[111 - Construction Coordination#111.1.1 Required Working Drawings|111.1.1 Required Working Drawings]]
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:[[111 - Construction Coordination#111.6 References|111.6 References]]
:[[111 - Construction Coordination#111.6 References|111.6 References]]


==  '''[[200 - DelDOT References to AASHTO Manual|Section 200 DelDOT References to AASHTO Manual]]''' ==
==  [[200 - DelDOT References to AASHTO Manual|Section 200 DelDOT References to AASHTO Manual]] ==
 
== '''[[300 - Typical Bridge Design Detail|Section 300 Typical Bridge Design Detail]]''' ==
 
== '''Abbreviations and Acronyms''' ==
°C                                degrees Celsius
 
°F                                  degrees Fahrenheit
 
1-D                              one dimensional
 
2-D                              two-dimensional
 
3-D                              three-dimensional
 
AADT                          annual average daily traffic
 
AASHTO                     American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
 
ABC                            Accelerated Bridge Construction
 
ADA                            Americans with Disabilities Act
 
ADD                            Addendum
 
ADT                            average daily traffic
 
ADTT                          average daily truck traffic
 
AHP                            Analytic Hierarchy Process
 
APD                            accelerated project delivery
 
AREMA                       American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association ''(but this manual uses the acronym to refer to the AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering)''
 
ASCE                          American Society of Civil Engineers
 
ASR                            alkali-silica reaction
 
ATON                          aids to navigation
 
AWS                            American Welding Society
 
BFE                             Base Flood Elevation
 
BMS                            Bridge Management System
 
BOEF                          Beam on elastic foundation
 
CADD                          computer-aided design and drafting
 
CAPWAP                     Case Pile Wave Analysis Program
 
CCA                             chromate copper arsenate
 
CCNS                          closed cell neoprene sponge
 
CE                               carbon equivalent
 
CFA                             continuous flight auger
 
CFR                            Code of Federal Regulations
 
CFRP                          carbon fiber reinforced polymer
 
CJP                             complete joint penetration
 
CLOMR                       conditional letter of map revision
 
CMS                            Changeable Message Signs
 
CPM                            Critical Path Method
 
CPT                             Cone Penetrometer Tests
 
CSE                             copper-sulfate half-cell electrode
 
CTP                             Capital Transportation Program
 
DCDPF                        ''Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations''
 
DEF                             delayed ettringite formation
 
DelDOT                       Delaware Department of Transportation
 
DEM                            Digital Elevation Model
 
DGM                           Design Guidance Memorandum
 
DHV                            Design Hourly Volume
 
DMS                           Dynamic Message Sign
 
DMT                           Dilatometer Test
 
DNREC                      Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
 
DRBA                         Delaware River and Bay Authority
 
DRC                           Design Resource Center
 
EAP                            Emergency Action Plan
 
EM                              Electromagnetics
 
EOR                           Engineer of Record
 
EPS                            expanded polystyrene
 
ERDC                         Engineer Research and Development Center
 
ESRI                           Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
 
FCM                            fracture critical member
 
FEMA                          Federal Emergency Management Agency
 
FHWA                         Federal Highway Administration
 
FIS                              Flood Insurance Study
 
ft                                 feet
 
FTP                            File Transfer Protocol
 
GeoHMS                    Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension
 
GIS                             geographic information system
 
GPR                           Ground Penetrating Radar
 
GRS/IBS                    Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil / Integrated Bridge System
 
GUI                             graphical user’s interface
 
H:V                             Horizontal:Vertical
 
HDPE                         high density polyethylene
 
HEC                           Hydraulic Engineering Circular ''or'' Hydrologic Engineering Center
 
HEC-HMS                  Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
 
HEC-RAS                  Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
 
HEC-SSP                  Hydrologic Engineering Center Statistical Software Package
 
HFAWG                     Hydrologic Frequency Analysis Work Group
 
H&H                           hydrologic and hydraulic
 
HLMR                        high-load multi-rotational
 
HMA                           hot-mix asphalt
 
HMWM                       high molecular weight metharylate
 
HPS                            high-performance steel
 
HW                             headwater
 
IGM                            Intermediate Geomaterial
 
IR                               Infrared
 
LCCA                         life-cycle cost analysis
 
LiDAR '''                     '''  light detection and ranging (remote sensing method)
 
LMC                           latex modified concrete
 
LOC                           limits of construction
 
LOMR                        Letter of Map Revision
 
LRFD                         load and resistance factor design
 
LRFR                         Load and Resistance Factor Rating
 
LTEC                          least total expected cost
 
M&R                           Material and Research
 
MAP-21                      Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act
 
MASH                         Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware
 
MASW                        Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves
 
MBE                           Manual for Bridge Evaluation
 
MCFT                         Modified Compression Field Theory
 
MHW                          mean high water
 
MLW                           mean low water
 
MOT                           maintenance of traffic
 
MR&R                        maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation
 
MSE                           mechanically stabilized earth
 
NAVD 88 '''                  ''' North American Vertical Datum of 1988
 
NBI                            National Bridge Inventory
 
NBIS                          National Bridge Inspection Standards
 
NCHRP                      National Cooperative Highway Research Program
 
NCSPA                      National Corrugated Steel Pipe Association
 
NEPCOAT                 Northeast Protective Coating Committee
 
NFIP                          National Flood Insurance Program
 
NHD                          National Hydrography Dataset
 
NHS                           National Highway System
 
NLF                            No-load fit
 
NOAA                         National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 
NRCS                         Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly SCS)
 
NSBA                         National Steel Bridge Alliance
 
OHW                          Ordinary High Water
 
PBES                         prefabricated bridge elements and systems
 
PCEF                         Prestressed Concrete Committee for Economic Fabrication
 
PCI                             Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
 
PCINE                        Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Northeast
 
PDA                            Pile Driving Analyzer
 
PDF                            Adobe Acrobat Portable Document File
 
PDM '''                          '''  [https://deldot.gov/Publications/reports/CTP/pdfs/project_development_manual.pdf DelDOT ''Project Development Manual'' (2015)]
 
PEP                            plain elastomeric bearing pad
 
PoDI                           Projects of Division Interest
 
PMF                           Probable Maximum Flood
 
PMT                           Pressuremeter Test
 
PQR                           Procedure Qualification Records
 
PS&E                         plans, specifications, and estimate
 
PTFE                         Polytetrafluoroethylene
 
QA                             Quality Assurance
 
QC                             Quality Control
 
QA/QC                       Quality assurance / Quality control
 
RCRF                         Reinforced Concrete Rigid Frames
 
RFI                             request for information
 
RH                              rehabilitate
 
RMR                           Rock Mass Rating
 
RP                              replace
 
RQD                           Rock Quality Designation
 
S&O                           Stewardship and Oversight
 
SASW                        Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves
 
SCC                           self-consolidating concrete
 
SCL                           structural composite lumber
 
SCS                           Soil Conservation Service
 
SDF                           Spillway Design Flood
 
SDI                            slake durability index
 
SDLF                         steel dead load fit
 
SDR                           structure data records
 
SHV                           Specialized Hauling Vehicles
 
SIP                             Stay-in-Place
 
SMS                           (Aquaveo) Surface-Water Modeling System
 
SPMT                         self-propelled modular transporters
 
SPT                            Standard Penetration Tests
 
SRICOS-EFA             Scour Rate in Cohesive Soil – Erosion Function Apparatus
 
SRM                          System Redundant Member
 
STU                           Shock Transmission Unit
 
TDLF                          total dead load fit
 
TIN                             triangulated irregular network
 
TRB                           Transportation Research Board
 
TS&L                         type, size, and location
 
UDC                          Unified Development Code (New Castle County)
 
UH                             unit hydrograph
 
UHPC                        ultra-high performance concrete
 
UIT                            Ultrasonic Impact Treatment
 
USACE                     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
 
USBR                       U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
 
U.S.C.                       United States Code
 
USGS                       U.S. Geological Survey
 
USGS SIR                USGS Scientific Investigations Report
 
VMS                         Variable Message Signs
 
VST                          Vane Shear Test
 
WDM                        Watershed Data Management
 
WMS                        Watershed Modeling System
 
WPS                        Welding Procedure Specifications
 
WSE                        water surface elevations


YS/TS                      Yield strength/Tensile strength
== [[300 - Typical Bridge Design Detail|Section 300 Typical Bridge Design Detail]] ==

Latest revision as of 16:37, 26 October 2022

Section 101 Introduction

101.1 Purpose
101.2 Limitations of the Design Manual
101.3 Modifications to the Design Manual
101.4 Policy
101.5 Applicable Design Specifications and Standards
101.5.1 Design Specification Reference Nomenclature
101.5.2 Design Specifications
101.5.3 AASHTO Interim Specifications and New Editions
101.5.4 Deviations from Specifications
101.5.5 Order of Precedence
101.5.6 Additional Reference Manuals and Documents
101.6 Terms
101.6.1 Bridge Types
101.6.2 Roadway Types
101.6.2.1 Functional Classification
101.6.2.2 National Highway System
101.6.3 Project Types
101.7 FHWA Stewardship and Oversight Agreement
101.8 Computer Software
101.9 Feedback
101.10 References

Section 102 Bridge Design Submission Requirements

102.1 Plan Presentation
102.1.1 Drafting Standards
102.1.2 Plan Sheet Sequence
102.1.3 Bridge Sheet Preparation
102.1.3.1 General and Project Notes
102.1.3.2 Bridge Plan and Elevation
102.1.3.3 Lay-Out Plan
102.1.3.4 Other Plans
102.1.4 Bridge Number
102.2 Special Provisions Development
102.3 Quantities and Cost Estimates
102.4 Construction Schedule
102.5 Bridge Design Procedures
102.5.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
102.5.2 Designed-In Value
102.5.2.1 Alternatives Analysis
102.5.2.2 Life-Cycle Cost Analyses
102.5.3 Documentation of Design
102.5.4 Design Exceptions and Design Variances
102.5.5 Chronology of Submissions
102.6 Preliminary Design
102.6.1 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Report
102.6.2 Scour Evaluation Report
102.6.3 Foundation Reports
102.6.4 Conceptual Type, Size, and Location Plans
102.6.5 Type, Size, and Location Submission
102.6.5.1 Type, Size, and Location Submission Requirements
102.7 Preliminary Construction Plans
102.8 Semi-Final Construction Plans
102.9 Final Construction Plans
102.10 Plans, Specifications, and Estimate
102.11 Bid-Cycle Requirements
102.11.1 Addenda
102.11.2 Bid Opening and Bid Review
102.12 References

Section 103 Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection

103.1 Introduction
103.2 Terms
103.3 Bridge Geometric Design Requirements
103.3.1 Bridge Length
103.3.2 Minimum Width of Bridges
103.3.2.1 Shoulder Width Requirements for Deck Drainage
103.3.2.2 Sidewalks
103.3.2.3 Bicycle and Shared Use Facilities
103.3.2.4 Superelevation
103.3.3 Protection for Median Gap of Parallel Structures
103.3.4 Horizontal Clearance and Pier Protection
103.3.4.1 Over Rivers, Streams, Wetlands, and Floodplains
103.3.4.2 Over Roadways / Grade Crossings
103.3.4.3 Over Railroads
103.3.5 Vertical Clearance
103.3.5.1 Over Rivers, Streams, Wetlands, Floodplains
103.3.5.2 Over Roadways / Grade Crossings
103.3.5.3 Over Railroads
103.3.6 Bridge Skew
103.3.7 Approach Slabs
103.4 Structure Type Selection
103.4.1 Bridge Types
103.4.1.1 Structural Steel
103.4.1.2 Concrete Bridges
103.4.1.3 Timber Bridges
103.4.1.4 Culverts
103.4.2 Selection of Superstructure Type
103.4.2.1 Spans less than 20 feet
103.4.2.2 Spans from 20 feet to 30 feet
103.4.2.3 Spans from 30 feet to 90 feet
103.4.2.4 Spans from 90 feet to 165 feet
103.4.2.5 Spans greater than 165 feet
103.5 Construction
103.5.1 Future Re-decking Considerations
103.5.2 Consideration for Future Widening
103.5.3 Hauling Permits
103.5.4 Maintenance of Traffic
103.5.5 Inspectability
103.6 Substructure Type Selection
103.6.1 General Considerations
103.6.2 Abutments and Wingwalls
103.6.3 Piers
103.7 Retaining Walls
103.7.1 Wall Types
103.7.1.1 Post and Plank Walls
103.7.1.2 Sheet Pile Walls
103.7.1.3 Reinforced Concrete Walls
103.7.1.4 Anchored Walls
103.7.1.5 Proprietary Retaining Walls
103.8 Bridge Rehabilitation versus Replacement Selection Guidelines
103.8.1 Cost
103.8.2 Safety
103.8.3 Bridge Type
103.8.4 Bridge Standards
103.8.5 Feature Crossed
103.8.6 Comprehensive Assessment of Rehabilitation versus Replacement
103.9 Accelerated Bridge Construction
103.9.1 Decision-Making/Planning Process
103.9.1.1 ABC Rating Score
103.9.1.2 FHWA Decision Flowcharts / ABC AHP Software Tool
103.9.1.3 Emergency Projects
103.9.1.4 Repair and Rehabilitation Projects
103.9.2 ABC Methods/Techniques
103.9.2.1 Foundation and Wall Elements
103.9.2.2 Rapid Embankment Construction
103.9.2.3 Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems
103.9.2.4 Structural Placement Methods
103.9.2.5 Fast-Track Contracting
103.10 Requirements for the Design of Highway Bridges over Railroads
103.11 References

Section 104 Hydrology and Hydraulics

104.1 Introduction
104.1.1 Terms
104.1.2 Coordination
104.1.3 Design Responsibilities
104.1.4 Field Data Collection
104.1.5 Topographic Survey and Extent of Hydraulic Study
104.2 Hydrology
104.2.1 Introduction
104.2.2 Documentation
104.2.3 Precipitation
104.2.3.1 The Rational Method
104.2.3.2 Delaware Regression Method (SIR 2006-5146)
104.2.3.3 Published Reports
104.2.3.4 Flood-Frequency Analysis of Recorded Stream Gage Data
104.2.3.5 Other Methods/Models
104.2.4 Methodology Selection Guidance
104.2.5 Design Flood Frequency
104.2.6 Confidence Intervals
104.2.7 Frequency Mixing (Probability of Coincidental Occurrence)
104.3 Hydraulics
104.3.1 Culverts
104.3.1.1 Sizing
104.3.1.2 Site Conditions and Skew
104.3.1.3 Shape/Material
104.3.1.4 Environmental Considerations
104.3.2 Bridges
104.3.2.1 Sizing
104.3.2.2 Site Conditions and Skew
104.3.2.3 Shape/Material
104.3.3 Hydraulics for Dam Safety Projects
104.3.3.1 Sizing
104.3.3.2 Site Conditions and Bridges Near Non-regulated Dams
104.3.3.3 Shape/Material
104.3.3.4 Dam Safety Regulations
104.3.4 Tidal Hydraulics – Bridges and Culverts
104.3.4.1 General
104.3.4.2 Use of Qualified Coastal Engineers
104.3.4.3 Tidal Hydraulic and Scour Analysis
104.3.4.4 Tidal Modeling
104.3.4.5 Freeboard for Tidal Bridges
104.3.4.6 Sea Level Rise
104.3.4.7 Tidal Hydraulics References
104.3.5 Hydraulics Methodologies and Software
104.3.5.1 HEC-RAS
104.3.5.2 HY-8
104.3.5.3 Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Models
104.4 Scour Evaluation and Protection
104.4.1 Scour Investigation
104.4.2 Scour Components
104.4.2.2 Long-Term Scour
104.4.2.3 Contraction Scour
104.4.2.4 Local Scour
104.4.3 Scour Flood Magnitude
104.4.4 Design Considerations
104.4.4.1 Scour Due to Lateral Movement
104.4.4.2 Spread Footings
104.4.4.3 Dams and Backwater
104.4.4.4 Streambed Material
104.4.4.5 Scour in Cohesive Soils
104.4.4.6 Scourability of Rock
104.4.5 Scour Countermeasures
104.4.5.1 Riprap Protection
104.4.5.2 Guide Banks
104.4.5.3 Scour Protection at Culverts
104.4.6 Scour Evaluation Documentation
104.4.7 Scour Plan Presentation
104.5 Streams
104.5.1 Stream Stability Analysis
104.5.2 Bank Protection
104.5.3 Channel Modifications
104.5.4 Stream Diversions
104.5.5 Ice and Debris
104.6 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Report
104.6.1 Hydraulic Summary Data Sheet and Definitions
104.7 Plan Presentation
104.8 Laws, Policy, Regulations and Permits
104.8.1 FEMA Compliance
104.8.2 New Castle County Requirements
104.8.3 Tax Ditches
104.8.4 Risk Assessment or Analysis
104.8.5 Aids to Navigation
104.8.6 DelDOT Project Development Manual
104.9 References
Appendix 104-1: Hydraulic Field Assessment Checklist
Appendix 104-2: Hydraulic Survey Form
Appendix 104-3: H&H Report Hydraulic Data Summary Sheet
Appendix 104-4: H&H Report Sample Format

Section 105 Geotechnical Investigations

105.1 Introduction
105.2 Terms
105.3 Subsurface Investigations
105.3.1 Estimating Soil and Rock Properties
105.3.2 Estimating Ground Water Table Elevation
105.3.3 Estimation of Bearing Capacity
105.3.4 Estimation of Settlement
105.3.5 Estimated Depth of Unsuitable Materials
105.3.6 Global Stability
105.3.7 Corrosive Environment
105.3.8 Lateral Squeeze
105.4 Subsurface Investigation Request
105.4.1 Request for Test Borings
105.4.1.1 Quantity and Location of Structural Borings
105.4.1.2 Depth of Structural Borings
105.4.2 Boring Logs
105.4.3 Coordination for Soils/Rock Testing
105.4.3.1 Typical Soil Tests
105.4.3.2 Typical Rock Tests
105.5 Geotechnical Report
105.6 Foundation Report
105.6.1 Concise Foundation Report
105.6.2 Foundation Report Submittals
105.6.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
105.6.4 Geotechnical Design References
105.7 References

Section 106 Final Design Consideration – Superstructure

106.1 Introduction
106.2 Terms
106.3 Design Loads
106.3.1 Dead Loads
106.3.1.1 Considerations for Deck Haunch
106.3.1.2 Distribution of Dead Loads
106.3.2 Live Loads
106.4 Bridge Decks
106.4.1 Deck Type Considerations
106.4.2 Concrete Decks
106.4.2.1 Concrete Deck Design Considerations
106.4.2.2 Deck Thickness
106.4.2.3 Deck-Reinforcing Steel
106.4.2.4 Deck Haunch
106.4.2.5 Concrete Cover
106.4.2.6 Deck Placement Sequence
106.4.2.7 Deck Overhangs
106.4.2.8 Concrete Deck Finishing
106.4.2.9 Future Wearing Surface/Overlays
106.4.2.10 Concrete Deck Construction Joints
106.4.2.11 Temporary Protective Shield
106.4.3 Finished Deck Elevations
106.5 Bridge Barriers and Railings
106.5.1 DelDOT Standard Bridge Barrier and Railing Applications
106.5.2 Bridge Barrier Design Considerations
106.5.3 Protective Screening, Shielding, and Fencing
106.5.4 Bridge Lighting
106.6 Deck Joints
106.6.1 Jointless Bridges
106.6.2 Strip Seal Joints
106.6.3 Steel Finger Joints
106.6.4 Longitudinal Joints
106.7 Approach Slab Design
106.7.1 Approach Slab Geometry and Design Requirements
106.8 Steel Superstructure Design Considerations
106.8.1 Structural Steel – Material Requirements
106.8.1.1 Grade 50 Steel
106.8.1.2 Weathering Steel
106.8.1.3 High-Performance Steels
106.8.2 Fatigue and Fracture Considerations
106.8.2.1 Redundancy Requirements
106.8.2.2 Welding and Weld Procedures
106.8.3 Steel-Rolled Beams and Plate Girders
106.8.3.1 Minimum Plate Thicknesses
106.8.3.2 Plate Girder Geometric Proportionality – General Practice
106.8.4 Shear Connectors
106.8.5 Stiffeners, Diaphragms, and Bracing
106.8.6 Bolted Connections
106.8.7 Protective Coatings
106.8.7.1 Paint Systems
106.8.7.2 Galvanization
106.8.8 Steel-Plate Girder and Rolled Beam Bridges
106.8.8.1 Method of Analysis
106.8.8.2 Diaphragms/Cross-Bracing
106.8.8.3 Bearings for Horizontally Curved and/or Skewed Steel Superstructures
106.8.9 Erection Analysis and Erection Plans
106.8.9.1 Requirements for Designer
106.8.9.2 Erection Submittal Requirements for Contractor’s Engineer
106.8.10 Deck Placement Sequence Analysis and Design
106.9 Prestressed Concrete Bridge Superstructures
106.9.1 Materials
106.9.2 Design Methodology
106.9.2.1 Design Methodology
106.9.3 Diaphragm Requirements
106.9.4 Minimum Spacing of Prestressing Tendons
106.9.5 Tensile Stresses Due to Prestressing
106.9.6 De-bonding Versus Draping
106.9.7 Tensile Stresses at Service Limit State After Losses
106.9.8 Reinforcement
106.9.8.1 Composite Shear Reinforcement
106.9.8.2 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
106.9.9 Skew Effects
106.9.9.1 Grade and Cross-Slope Effects
106.9.9.2 Horizontal Curve and Flare Effect
106.9.10 Camber
106.9.10.1 Consideration for Staged Construction Camber
106.9.10.2 Simple Spans Made Continuous
106.10 Bearings
106.10.1 Elastomeric Bearings
106.10.1.1 Steel-Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings
106.10.2 High-Load Multi-Rotational Bearings
106.10.2.1 Pot Bearings
106.10.2.2 Disc Bearings
106.10.2.3 Spherical Bearings
106.10.2.4 Mechanical Bearings
106.10.3 Guidelines for Bearing Selection
106.10.3.1 Bearing Type Preferences
106.10.3.2 Feasibility due to Fabrication, Installation and Testing Limitations
106.10.4 Loads, Rotation and Translation
106.10.5 Design Requirements
106.10.5.1 Elastomeric Bearings
106.10.5.2 High-load Multi-Rotational Bearings
106.10.5.3 Design Limitations
106.10.6 Consecutively Fixed Piers
106.10.7 Accommodations for Future Bearing Replacement
106.10.8 Bearings for Horizontally-Curved and/or Skewed Bridges
106.10.9 Anchorage to Structure
106.10.9.1 Sole Plates
106.10.9.2 Masonry Plates and Anchor Rods
106.10.10 Lateral Restraint
106.10.11 Uplift Restraint
106.10.12 Bearing Schedule
106.11 References

Section 107 Final Design Considerations – Substructure

107.1 Introduction
107.2 Terms
107.3 Foundation Design
107.3.1 Settlement Considerations
107.3.2 Spread Footing Foundations
107.3.3 Deep Foundations
107.3.4 Pile Foundations
107.3.4.1 Precast-Prestressed Concrete Piles
107.3.4.2 Steel Pipe Piles
107.3.4.3 Steel Shell and Cast-in-Place Piles
107.3.4.4 Steel H-Piles
107.3.4.5 Timber Piles
107.3.4.6 Drilled Shaft Foundations
107.3.4.7 Micropiles, Auger-cast Piles, and New Pile Technologies
107.3.4.8 Selection of Deep Foundation Type
107.3.4.9 Pile-Bearing Capacity
107.3.5 Additional Foundation Details
107.3.5.1 Design Footing and Pile Resistance
107.3.5.2 Scour
107.3.5.3 Stepped Footings
107.3.5.4 Corrosion and Deterioration
107.4 Substructure Design
107.4.1 Abutment Design
107.4.1.1 Semi-Integral Abutments
107.4.1.2 Integral Abutments
107.4.1.3 Reinforced-Concrete Stub Abutments
107.4.1.4 Reinforced-Concrete Cantilever Abutments
107.4.1.5 Abutment, Backwall, and Wingwall Details
107.5 Pier Design
107.5.1 Pier Analysis and Design
107.5.2 Fixity Considerations
107.5.3 Pier Detailing
107.5.4 Pile Bents
107.5.5 Protective Sealing of Surfaces
107.6 Retaining Wall Design
107.6.1 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
107.6.1.1 Select Granular Backfill
107.6.1.2 Designer Responsibility
107.6.1.3 MSE Wall Manufacturer Responsibility
107.6.2 Reinforced-Concrete Cantilevered Walls
107.6.3 Post and Plank Walls
107.6.4 Sheet-Pile Walls
107.6.4.1 Steel Sheet Piles
107.6.4.2 Concrete Sheet Piles
107.7 Culvert Design
107.7.1 Culvert Hydraulics
107.7.2 Culvert Foundation Design
107.7.3 Concrete Culverts
107.7.3.1 Precast Concrete Box Culverts
107.7.3.2 Cast-In-Place Concrete Box Culverts
107.7.3.3 Reinforced Concrete Rigid Frames
107.7.3.4 Concrete Arches
107.7.3.5 Precast Proprietary Structures
107.7.4 Pipe Culverts
107.7.5 Culvert Details
107.7.5.1 Headwalls
107.7.5.2 Wingwalls
107.7.5.3 Cutoff Walls
107.7.5.4 Scour Aprons
107.7.5.5 Guardrail Attachments
107.7.5.6 Protective Sealing of Surfaces
107.8 Architectural Treatments
107.9 Temporary Excavation Support Systems
107.10 References

Section 108 Bridge Load Rating

Section 109 Bridge Preservation Strategies

109.1 Introduction
109.1.1 Bridge Inspections and Load Ratings
109.1.2 Environmental Considerations
109.1.3 Rehabilitation Design Criteria
109.2 Material Testing
109.2.1 Concrete
109.2.1.1 Compressive Strength
109.2.1.2 Alkali-Silica Reaction Evaluation
109.2.1.3 Chloride Content
109.2.1.4 Freeze-Thaw
109.2.1.5 Half-Cell Potential
109.2.1.6 Petrographic Analysis
109.2.2 Steel
109.2.2.1 Chemical Analysis
109.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties
109.3 Concrete Bridge Decks
109.3.1 Condition Survey
109.3.1.1 Visual Inspection
109.3.1.2 Delamination Survey
109.3.1.3 Reinforcing Corrosion Survey
109.3.1.4 Deck Coring
109.3.2 Deck Evaluation
109.3.3 Deck Removal Methods
109.3.4 Preventive Maintenance and Rehabilitation
109.3.4.1 General
109.3.4.2 Patching
109.3.4.3 Low-Permeability Overlays
109.3.4.4 Widening and Partial-Width Re-decking
109.3.4.5 Barrier Reconstruction
109.3.5 Concrete Deck Replacement
109.3.5.1 General
109.3.5.2 Cast-in-Place Concrete
109.3.5.3 Precast Concrete
109.4 Steel Grid Decks
109.4.1 General
109.4.2 Existing Steel Grid Deck Evaluation
109.4.2.1 Connection Failure and Fatigue
109.4.2.2 Corrosion
109.4.2.3 Delamination of Surfacing
109.4.2.4 Reduced Skid Resistance
109.4.3 Design Considerations
109.5 Timber Decks
109.5.1 General
109.5.2 Design Considerations
109.6 Safety Considerations
109.7 Deck Joints
109.8 Approach Slabs
109.9 Slabs, Beams, and Girders
109.9.1 Reinforced-Concrete Slabs
109.9.1.1 General
109.9.1.2 Design Considerations
109.9.1.3 Repair and Strengthening
109.9.2 Prestressed Concrete Beams
109.9.2.1 General
109.9.2.2 Design Considerations
109.9.2.3 Repair Methods
109.9.3 Steel Beams and Girders
109.9.3.1 General
109.9.3.2 Design Considerations
109.9.3.3 Repair and Strengthening
109.9.3.4 Fatigue Evaluation and Repair
109.9.3.5 Fire Damage
109.9.3.6 Surface Preparation and Painting
109.9.3.7 Cathodic Protection
109.9.3.8 Heat Straightening
109.10 Bearings
109.11 Foundation and Substructure
109.11.1 General
109.11.2 Design Considerations
109.11.3 Repair Methods
109.11.3.1 Bearing Seat Repairs
109.11.3.2 Post-Tensioning Repairs
109.11.3.3 Underwater and Splash-Zone Repairs
109.11.3.4 Pile Repairs
109.11.3.5 Scour and Undermining Repairs
109.11.4 Stabilization and Underpinning
109.12 Retaining Walls
109.12.1 General
109.12.2 Design Considerations
109.12.3 Repair Methods
109.13 Culverts
109.13.1 General
109.13.2 Design Considerations
109.13.3 Repair Methods
109.14 Utilities
109.15 Moveable Bridges
109.16 References

Section 110 Ancillary Structures

110.1 Introduction
110.2 Terms
110.3 Overhead Sign Structures
110.3.1 Overhead Sign Structure Types and Geometrics
110.3.1.1 Cantilever Sign Structures
110.3.1.2 Span-Type Sign Structures
110.3.1.3 Bridge-Mounted Signs
110.3.2 General Design Considerations
110.3.2.1 Designer Responsibility
110.3.2.2 Materials
110.3.2.3 Design Criteria
110.3.2.4 Consideration for Future Conditions
110.3.3 Design Process
110.3.4 Foundations
110.4 Sound Barrier Walls
110.4.1 Design Criteria
110.4.1.1 Designer Responsibility
110.4.1.2 General Criteria
110.4.1.3 Materials
110.4.1.4 Detailing Connections
110.4.1.5 Loads
110.4.1.6 Miscellaneous
110.4.2 Foundations
110.5 References

Section 111 Construction Coordination

111.1 Working Drawings
111.1.1 Required Working Drawings
111.1.2 Working Drawings Review Procedure
111.1.2.1 Consultant Review of Working Drawings
111.1.3 Technical Guidelines for Review of Working Drawings
111.2 Contractor Requests for Information
111.3 Value Engineering Proposals (by Contractor)
111.4 Plan Revisions
111.5 As-Built Drawings
111.6 References

Section 200 DelDOT References to AASHTO Manual

Section 300 Typical Bridge Design Detail

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