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'''[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements|Section 102 Bridge Design Submission Requirements]]''' | '''[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements|Section 102 Bridge Design Submission Requirements]]''' | ||
:102.1 Plan Presentation | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1 Plan Presentation|102.1 Plan Presentation]] | ||
::102.1.1 Drafting Standards | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.1 Drafting Standards|102.1.1 Drafting Standards]] | ||
::102.1.2 Plan Sheet Sequence | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.2 Plan Sheet Sequence|102.1.2 Plan Sheet Sequence]] | ||
::102.1.3 Bridge Sheet Preparation | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.3 Bridge Sheet Preparation|102.1.3 Bridge Sheet Preparation]] | ||
:::102.1.3.1 General and Project Notes | :::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.3.1 General and Project Notes|102.1.3.1 General and Project Notes]] | ||
:::102.1.3.2 Bridge Plan and Elevation | :::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.3.2 Bridge Plan and Elevation|102.1.3.2 Bridge Plan and Elevation]] | ||
:::102.1.3.3 Lay-Out Plan | :::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.3.3 Lay-Out Plan|102.1.3.3 Lay-Out Plan]] | ||
:::102.1.3.4 Other Plans | :::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.3.4 Other Plans|102.1.3.4 Other Plans]] | ||
::102.1.4 Bridge Number | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.1.4 Bridge Number|102.1.4 Bridge Number]] | ||
:102.2 Special Provisions Development | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.2 Special Provisions Development|102.2 Special Provisions Development]] | ||
:102.3 Quantities and Cost Estimates | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.3 Quantities and Cost Estimates|102.3 Quantities and Cost Estimates]] | ||
:102.4 Construction Schedule | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.4 Construction Schedule|102.4 Construction Schedule]] | ||
:102.5 Bridge Design Procedures | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.5 Bridge Design Procedures|102.5 Bridge Design Procedures]] | ||
::102.5.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.5.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control|102.5.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control]] | ||
::102.5.2 Designed-In Value | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.5.2 Designed-In Value|102.5.2 Designed-In Value]] | ||
:::102.5.2.1 Alternatives Analysis | :::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.5.2.1 Alternatives Analysis|102.5.2.1 Alternatives Analysis]] | ||
:::102.5.2.2 Life-Cycle Cost Analyses | :::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.5.2.2 Life-Cycle Cost Analyses|102.5.2.2 Life-Cycle Cost Analyses]] | ||
::102.5.3 Documentation of Design | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.5.3 Documentation of Design|102.5.3 Documentation of Design | ||
::102.5.4 Design Exceptions and Design Variances | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.5.4 Design Exceptions and Design Variances|102.5.4 Design Exceptions and Design Variances]] | ||
::102.5.5 Chronology of Submissions | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.5.5 Chronology of Submissions|102.5.5 Chronology of Submissions]] | ||
:102.6 Preliminary Design | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.6 Preliminary Design|102.6 Preliminary Design]] | ||
::102.6.1 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Report | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.6.1 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Report|102.6.1 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Report]] | ||
::102.6.2 Scour Evaluation Report | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.6.2 Scour Evaluation Report|102.6.2 Scour Evaluation Report]] | ||
::102.6.3 Foundation Reports | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.6.3 Foundation Reports|102.6.3 Foundation Reports]] | ||
::102.6.4 Conceptual Type, Size, and Location Plans | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.6.4 Conceptual Type, Size, and Location Plans|102.6.4 Conceptual Type, Size, and Location Plans]] | ||
::102.6.5 Type, Size, and Location Submission | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.6.5 Type, Size, and Location Submission|102.6.5 Type, Size, and Location Submission]] | ||
:::102.6.5.1 Type, Size, and Location Submission Requirements | :::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.6.5.1 Type, Size, and Location Submission Requirements|102.6.5.1 Type, Size, and Location Submission Requirements]] | ||
:102.7 Preliminary Construction Plans | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.7 Preliminary Construction Plans|102.7 Preliminary Construction Plans]] | ||
:102.8 Semi-Final Construction Plans | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.8 Semi-Final Construction Plans|102.8 Semi-Final Construction Plans]] | ||
:102.9 Final Construction Plans | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.9 Final Construction Plans|102.9 Final Construction Plans]] | ||
:102.10 Plans, Specifications, and Estimate | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.10 Plans, Specifications, and Estimate|102.10 Plans, Specifications, and Estimate]] | ||
:102.11 Bid-Cycle Requirements | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.11 Bid-Cycle Requirements|102.11 Bid-Cycle Requirements]] | ||
::102.11.1 Addenda | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.11.1 Addenda|102.11.1 Addenda]] | ||
::102.11.2 Bid Opening and Bid Review | ::[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.11.2 Bid Opening and Bid Review|102.11.2 Bid Opening and Bid Review]] | ||
:102.12 References | :[[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.12 References|102.12 References]] | ||
Revision as of 16:12, 9 December 2021
- 101.1 Purpose
- 101.2 Limitations of the Design Manual
- 101.3 Policy
- 101.4 Applicable Design Specifications and Standards
- 101.5 Terms
- 101.6 FHWA Stewardship and Oversight Agreement
- 101.7 Computer Software
- 101.8 Feedback
- 101.9 References
Section 102 Bridge Design Submission Requirements
- 102.1 Plan Presentation
- 102.2 Special Provisions Development
- 102.3 Quantities and Cost Estimates
- 102.4 Construction Schedule
- 102.5 Bridge Design Procedures
- 102.5.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
- 102.5.2 Designed-In Value
- [[102 - Bridge Design Submission Requirements#102.5.3 Documentation of Design|102.5.3 Documentation of Design
- 102.5.4 Design Exceptions and Design Variances
- 102.5.5 Chronology of Submissions
- 102.6 Preliminary Design
- 102.7 Preliminary Construction Plans
- 102.8 Semi-Final Construction Plans
- 102.9 Final Construction Plans
- 102.10 Plans, Specifications, and Estimate
- 102.11 Bid-Cycle Requirements
- 102.12 References
Section 103 Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection
- 103.1 Introduction
- 103.2 Terms
- 103.3 Bridge Geometric Design Requirements
- 103.3.1 Bridge Length
- 103.3.2 Minimum Width of Bridges
- 103.3.2.1 Shoulder Width Requirements for Deck Drainage
- 103.3.2.2 Sidewalks
- 103.3.2.3 Bicycle and Shared Use Facilities
- 103.3.2.4 Superelevation
- 103.3.3 Protection for Median Gap of Parallel Structures
- 103.3.4 Horizontal Clearance and Pier Protection
- 103.3.4.1 Over Rivers, Streams, Wetlands, and Floodplains
- 103.3.4.2 Over Roadways / Grade Crossings
- 103.3.4.3 Over Railroads
- 103.3.5 Vertical Clearance
- 103.3.5.1 Over Rivers, Streams, Wetlands, Floodplains
- 103.3.5.2 Over Roadways / Grade Crossings
- 103.3.5.3 Over Railroads
- 103.3.6 Bridge Skew
- 103.3.7 Approach Slabs
- 103.4 Structure Type Selection
- 103.4.1 Bridge Types
- 103.4.1.1 Structural Steel
- 103.4.1.2 Concrete Bridges
- 103.4.1.3 Timber Bridges
- 103.4.1.4 Culverts
- 103.4.2 Selection of Superstructure Type
- 103.4.2.1 Spans less than 20 feet
- 103.4.2.2 Spans from 20 feet to 30 feet
- 103.4.2.3 Spans from 30 feet to 90 feet
- 103.4.2.4 Spans from 90 feet to 165 feet
- 103.4.2.5 Spans greater than 165 feet
- 103.4.1 Bridge Types
- 103.5 Construction
- 103.5.1 Future Re-decking Considerations
- 103.5.2 Consideration for Future Widening
- 103.5.3 Hauling Permits
- 103.5.4 Maintenance of Traffic
- 103.5.5 Inspectability
- 103.6 Substructure Type Selection
- 103.6.1 General Considerations
- 103.6.2 Abutments and Wingwalls
- 103.6.3 Piers
- 103.7 Retaining Walls
- 103.7.1 Wall Types
- 103.7.1.1 Post and Plank Walls
- 103.7.1.2 Sheet Pile Walls
- 103.7.1.3 Reinforced Concrete Walls
- 103.7.1.4 Anchored Walls
- 103.7.1.5 Proprietary Retaining Walls
- 103.7.1 Wall Types
- 103.8 Bridge Rehabilitation versus Replacement Selection Guidelines
- 103.8.1 Cost
- 103.8.2 Safety
- 103.8.3 Bridge Type
- 103.8.4 Bridge Standards
- 103.8.5 Feature Crossed
- 103.8.6 Comprehensive Assessment of Rehabilitation versus Replacement
- 103.9 Accelerated Bridge Construction
- 103.9.1 Decision-Making/Planning Process
- 103.9.1.1 ABC Rating Score
- 103.9.1.2 FHWA Decision Flowcharts / ABC AHP Software Tool
- 103.9.1.3 Emergency Projects
- 103.9.1.4 Repair and Rehabilitation Projects
- 103.9.2 ABC Methods/Techniques
- 103.9.2.1 Foundation and Wall Elements
- 103.9.2.2 Rapid Embankment Construction
- 103.9.2.3 Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems
- 103.9.2.4 Structural Placement Methods
- 103.9.2.5 Fast-Track Contracting
- 103.9.1 Decision-Making/Planning Process
- 103.10 Requirements for the Design of Highway Bridges over Railroads
- 103.11 References
Section 104 Hydrology and Hydraulics
- 104.1 Introduction
- 104.1.1 Terms
- 104.1.2 Coordination
- 104.1.3 Design Responsibilities
- 104.1.4 Field Data Collection
- 104.1.5 Topographic Survey and Extent of Hydraulic Study
- 104.2 Hydrology
- 104.2.1 Introduction
- 104.2.2 Documentation
- 104.2.3 Precipitation
- 104.2.3.1 The Rational Method
- 104.2.3.2 Delaware Regression Method (SIR 2006-5146)
- 104.2.3.3 Published Reports
- 104.2.3.4 Flood-Frequency Analysis of Recorded Stream Gage Data
- 104.2.3.5 Other Methods/Models
- 104.2.4 Methodology Selection Guidance
- 104.2.5 Design Flood Frequency
- 104.2.6 Confidence Intervals
- 104.2.7 Frequency Mixing (Probability of Coincidental Occurrence)
- 104.3 Hydraulics
- 104.3.1 Culverts
- 104.3.1.1 Sizing
- 104.3.1.2 Site Conditions and Skew
- 104.3.1.3 Shape/Material
- 104.3.1.4 Environmental Considerations
- 104.3.2 Bridges
- 104.3.2.1 Sizing
- 104.3.2.2 Site Conditions and Skew
- 104.3.2.3 Shape/Material
- 104.3.3 Hydraulics for Dam Safety Projects
- 104.3.3.1 Sizing
- 104.3.3.2 Site Conditions and Bridges Near Non-regulated Dams
- 104.3.3.3 Shape/Material
- 104.3.3.4 Dam Safety Regulations
- 104.3.4 Tidal Hydraulics – Bridges and Culverts
- 104.3.4.1 General
- 104.3.4.2 Use of Qualified Coastal Engineers
- 104.3.4.3 Tidal Hydraulic and Scour Analysis
- 104.3.4.4 Tidal Modeling
- 104.3.4.5 Freeboard for Tidal Bridges
- 104.3.4.6 Sea Level Rise
- 104.3.4.7 Tidal Hydraulics References
- 104.3.5 Hydraulics Methodologies and Software
- 104.3.5.1 HEC-RAS
- 104.3.5.2 HY-8
- 104.3.5.3 Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Models
- 104.3.1 Culverts
- 104.4 Scour Evaluation and Protection
- 104.4.1 Scour Investigation
- 104.4.2 Scour Components
- 104.4.2.2 Long-Term Scour
- 104.4.2.3 Contraction Scour
- 104.4.2.4 Local Scour
- 104.4.3 Scour Flood Magnitude
- 104.4.4 Design Considerations
- 104.4.4.1 Scour Due to Lateral Movement
- 104.4.4.2 Spread Footings
- 104.4.4.3 Dams and Backwater
- 104.4.4.4 Streambed Material
- 104.4.4.5 Scour in Cohesive Soils
- 104.4.4.6 Scourability of Rock
- 104.4.5 Scour Countermeasures
- 104.4.5.1 Riprap Protection
- 104.4.5.2 Guide Banks
- 104.4.5.3 Scour Protection at Culverts
- 104.4.6 Scour Evaluation Documentation
- 104.4.7 Scour Plan Presentation
- 104.5 Streams
- 104.5.1 Stream Stability Analysis
- 104.5.2 Bank Protection
- 104.5.3 Channel Modifications
- 104.5.4 Stream Diversions
- 104.5.5 Ice and Debris
- 104.6 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Report
- 104.6.1 Hydraulic Summary Data Sheet and Definitions
- 104.7 Plan Presentation
- 104.8 Laws, Policy, Regulations and Permits
- 104.8.1 FEMA Compliance
- 104.8.2 New Castle County Requirements
- 104.8.3 Tax Ditches
- 104.8.4 Risk Assessment or Analysis
- 104.8.5 Aids to Navigation
- 104.8.6 DelDOT Project Development Manual
- 104.9 References
Appendix 104-1: Hydraulic Field Assessment Checklist
Appendix 104-2: Hydraulic Survey Form
Appendix 104-3: H&H Report Hydraulic Data Summary Sheet
Appendix 104-4: H&H Report Sample Format
Section 105 Geotechnical Investigations
- 105.1 Introduction
- 105.2 Terms
- 105.3 Subsurface Investigations
- 105.3.1 Estimating Soil and Rock Properties
- 105.3.2 Estimating Ground Water Table Elevation
- 105.3.3 Estimation of Bearing Capacity
- 105.3.4 Estimation of Settlement
- 105.3.5 Estimated Depth of Unsuitable Materials
- 105.3.6 Global Stability
- 105.3.7 Corrosive Environment
- 105.3.8 Lateral Squeeze
- 105.4 Subsurface Investigation Request
- 105.4.1 Request for Test Borings
- 105.4.1.1 Quantity and Location of Structural Borings
- 105.4.1.2 Depth of Structural Borings
- 105.4.2 Boring Logs
- 105.4.3 Coordination for Soils/Rock Testing
- 105.4.3.1 Typical Soil Tests
- 105.4.3.2 Typical Rock Tests
- 105.4.1 Request for Test Borings
- 105.5 Geotechnical Report
- 105.6 Foundation Report
- 105.6.1 Concise Foundation Report
- 105.6.2 Foundation Report Submittals
- 105.6.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
- 105.6.4 Geotechnical Design References
- 105.7 References
Section 106 Final Design Consideration – Superstructure
- 106.1 Introduction
- 106.2 Terms
- 106.3 Design Loads
- 106.3.1 Dead Loads
- 106.3.1.1 Considerations for Deck Haunch
- 106.3.1.2 Distribution of Dead Loads
- 106.3.2 Live Loads
- 106.3.1 Dead Loads
- 106.4 Bridge Decks
- 106.4.1 Deck Type Considerations
- 106.4.2 Concrete Decks
- 106.4.2.1 Concrete Deck Design Considerations
- 106.4.2.2 Deck Thickness
- 106.4.2.3 Deck-Reinforcing Steel
- 106.4.2.4 Deck Haunch
- 106.4.2.5 Concrete Cover
- 106.4.2.6 Deck Placement Sequence
- 106.4.2.7 Deck Overhangs
- 106.4.2.8 Concrete Deck Finishing
- 106.4.2.9 Future Wearing Surface/Overlays
- 106.4.2.10 Concrete Deck Construction Joints
- 106.4.2.11 Temporary Protective Shield
- 106.4.3 Finished Deck Elevations
- 106.5 Bridge Barriers and Railings
- 106.5.1 DelDOT Standard Bridge Barrier and Railing Applications
- 106.5.2 Bridge Barrier Design Considerations
- 106.5.3 Protective Screening, Shielding, and Fencing
- 106.5.4 Bridge Lighting
- 106.6 Deck Joints
- 106.6.1 Jointless Bridges
- 106.6.2 Strip Seal Joints
- 106.6.3 Steel Finger Joints
- 106.6.4 Longitudinal Joints
- 106.7 Approach Slab Design
- 106.7.1 Approach Slab Geometry and Design Requirements
- 106.8 Steel Superstructure Design Considerations
- 106.8.1 Structural Steel – Material Requirements
- 106.8.1.1 Grade 50 Steel
- 106.8.1.2 Weathering Steel
- 106.8.1.3 High-Performance Steels
- 106.8.2 Fatigue and Fracture Considerations
- 106.8.2.1 Redundancy Requirements
- 106.8.2.2 Welding and Weld Procedures
- 106.8.3 Steel-Rolled Beams and Plate Girders
- 106.8.3.1 Minimum Plate Thicknesses
- 106.8.3.2 Plate Girder Geometric Proportionality – General Practice
- 106.8.4 Shear Connectors
- 106.8.5 Stiffeners, Diaphragms, and Bracing
- 106.8.6 Bolted Connections
- 106.8.7 Protective Coatings
- 106.8.7.1 Paint Systems
- 106.8.7.2 Galvanization
- 106.8.8 Steel-Plate Girder and Rolled Beam Bridges
- 106.8.8.1 Method of Analysis
- 106.8.8.2 Diaphragms/Cross-Bracing
- 106.8.8.3 Bearings for Horizontally Curved and/or Skewed Steel Superstructures
- 106.8.9 Erection Analysis and Erection Plans
- 106.8.9.1 Requirements for Designer
- 106.8.9.2 Erection Submittal Requirements for Contractor’s Engineer
- 106.8.10 Deck Placement Sequence Analysis and Design
- 106.8.1 Structural Steel – Material Requirements
- 106.9 Prestressed Concrete Bridge Superstructures
- 106.9.1 Materials
- 106.9.2 Design Methodology
- 106.9.2.1 Design Methodology
- 106.9.3 Diaphragm Requirements
- 106.9.4 Minimum Spacing of Prestressing Tendons
- 106.9.5 Tensile Stresses Due to Prestressing
- 106.9.6 De-bonding Versus Draping
- 106.9.7 Reinforcement
- 106.9.7.1 Composite Shear Reinforcement
- 106.9.7.2 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
- 106.9.8 Skew Effects
- 106.9.8.1 Grade and Cross-Slope Effects
- 106.9.8.2 Horizontal Curve and Flare Effect
- 106.9.9 Camber
- 106.9.9.1 Consideration for Staged Construction Camber
- 106.9.9.2 Simple Spans Made Continuous
- 106.10 Bearings
- 106.10.1 Elastomeric Bearings
- 106.10.1.1 Steel-Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings
- 106.10.2 High-Load Multi-Rotational Bearings
- 106.10.2.1 Pot Bearings
- 106.10.2.2 Disc Bearings
- 106.10.2.3 Spherical Bearings
- 106.10.2.4 Mechanical Bearings
- 106.10.3 Guidelines for Bearing Selection
- 106.10.3.1 Bearing Type Preferences
- 106.10.3.2 Feasibility due to Fabrication, Installation and Testing Limitations
- 106.10.4 Loads, Rotation and Translation
- 106.10.5 Design Requirements
- 106.10.5.1 Elastomeric Bearings
- 106.10.5.2 High-load Multi-Rotational Bearings
- 106.10.5.3 Design Limitations
- 106.10.6 Consecutively Fixed Piers
- 106.10.7 Accommodations for Future Bearing Replacement
- 106.10.8 Bearings for Horizontally-Curved and/or Skewed Bridges
- 106.10.9 Anchorage to Structure
- 106.10.9.1 Sole Plates
- 106.10.9.2 Masonry Plates and Anchor Rods
- 106.10.10 Lateral Restraint
- 106.10.11 Uplift Restraint
- 106.10.12 Bearing Schedule
- 106.10.1 Elastomeric Bearings
- 106.11 References
Section 107 Final Design Considerations – Substructure
- 107.1 Introduction
- 107.2 Terms
- 107.3 Foundation Design
- 107.3.1 Settlement Considerations
- 107.3.2 Spread Footing Foundations
- 107.3.3 Deep Foundations
- 107.3.4 Pile Foundations
- 107.3.4.1 Precast-Prestressed Concrete Piles
- 107.3.4.2 Steel Pipe Piles
- 107.3.4.3 Steel Shell and Cast-in-Place Piles
- 107.3.4.4 Steel H-Piles
- 107.3.4.5 Timber Piles
- 107.3.4.6 Drilled Shaft Foundations
- 107.3.4.7 Micropiles, Auger-cast Piles, and New Pile Technologies
- 107.3.4.8 Selection of Deep Foundation Type
- 107.3.4.9 Pile-Bearing Capacity
- 107.3.5 Additional Foundation Details
- 107.3.5.1 Design Footing and Pile Resistance
- 107.3.5.2 Scour
- 107.3.5.3 Stepped Footings
- 107.3.5.4 Corrosion and Deterioration
- 107.4 Substructure Design
- 107.4.1 Abutment Design
- 107.4.1.1 Semi-Integral Abutments
- 107.4.1.2 Integral Abutments
- 107.4.1.3 Reinforced-Concrete Stub Abutments
- 107.4.1.4 Reinforced-Concrete Cantilever Abutments
- 107.4.1.5 Abutment, Backwall, and Wingwall Details
- 107.4.1 Abutment Design
- 107.5 Pier Design
- 107.5.1 Pier Analysis and Design
- 107.5.2 Fixity Considerations
- 107.5.3 Pier Detailing
- 107.5.4 Pile Bents
- 107.5.5 Protective Sealing of Surfaces
- 107.6 Retaining Wall Design
- 107.6.1 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
- 107.6.1.1 Select Granular Backfill
- 107.6.1.2 Designer Responsibility
- 107.6.1.3 MSE Wall Manufacturer Responsibility
- 107.6.2 Reinforced-Concrete Cantilevered Walls
- 107.6.3 Post and Plank Walls
- 107.6.4 Sheet-Pile Walls
- 107.6.4.1 Steel Sheet Piles
- 107.6.4.2 Concrete Sheet Piles
- 107.6.1 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
- 107.7 Culvert Design
- 107.7.1 Culvert Hydraulics
- 107.7.2 Culvert Foundation Design
- 107.7.3 Concrete Culverts
- 107.7.3.1 Precast Concrete Box Culverts
- 107.7.3.2 Cast-In-Place Concrete Box Culverts
- 107.7.3.3 Reinforced Concrete Rigid Frames
- 107.7.3.4 Concrete Arches
- 107.7.3.5 Precast Proprietary Structures
- 107.7.4 Pipe Culverts
- 107.7.5 Culvert Details
- 107.7.5.1 Headwalls
- 107.7.5.2 Wingwalls
- 107.7.5.3 Cutoff Walls
- 107.7.5.4 Scour Aprons
- 107.7.5.5 Guardrail Attachments
- 107.7.5.6 Protective Sealing of Surfaces
- 107.8 Architectural Treatments
- 107.9 Temporary Excavation Support Systems
- 107.10 References
Section 108 Bridge Load Rating
- 108.1 Introduction
- 108.2 Application
- 108.3 Terms
- 108.4 Load Rating Specifications
- 108.5 Load Rating Process
- 108.6 Responsibility
- 108.7 Quality Control Procedures
- 108.7.1 Quality Control Roles and Responsibilities
- 108.7.2 Load Rating Engineer Qualifications
- 108.7.3 Load Rater Qualifications
- 108.7.4 Load Rating Reviewer Qualifications
- 108.7.5 Review and Validation of Load Rating Reports
- 108.7.6 Resolution of Data, Errors and Changes
- 108.8 Quality Assurance Procedures
- 108.8.1 Quality Assurance Roles and Responsibilities
- 108.8.2 Load Rating Quality Assurance Review Procedures
- 108.8.2.1 Sampling Parameters
- 108.8.2.2 Acceptance Criteria
- 108.8.2.3 Annual Report
- 108.9 Load Rating Requirements
- 108.9.1 New Bridges
- 108.9.2 Rehabilitated Bridges
- 108.9.3 During Construction
- 108.9.4 Bridge Inspections
- 108.9.5 Load Rating Timeline
- 108.9.5.1 New Bridge and Rehabilitated Bridges
- 108.9.5.2 Load Ratings Based on Bridge Inspections
- 108.9.5.3 Periodic Load Rating Review
- 108.9.6 Rated Members
- 108.10 Load Rating Procedures
- 108.10.1 Analytical Steps in Load Rating
- 108.10.2 Information Gathering
- 108.10.2.1 Material Properties
- 108.10.3 Load Rating Methods
- 108.10.3.1 Load and Resistance Factor Rating Method
- 108.10.3.2 Diagnostic Load Testing
- 108.10.3.3 Pipe Culverts
- 108.10.3.4 Other Methods
- 108.10.4 Structural Analysis and Tools
- 108.10.4.1 Structural Analysis Requirements
- 108.10.4.2 BRASS Data Set Standards
- 108.10.5 General Load Rating Equation
- 108.10.5.1 Limit States, Load Effects, and Load Factors
- 108.10.5.2 Condition Factor
- 108.10.5.3 System Factor
- 108.10.5.4 Resistance Factors
- 108.10.5.5 Loads
- 108.10.6 Load Rating Report
- 108.10.7 Load Rating Examples
- 108.10.8 Load Restriction Posting
- 108.11 References
Appendix 108-1 – Sample Brass-LRFD Data File
Appendix 108-2 – Load Restriction Resolution
Section 109 Bridge Preservation Strategies
- 109.1 Introduction
- 109.1.1 Bridge Inspections and Load Ratings
- 109.1.2 Environmental Considerations
- 109.1.3 Rehabilitation Design Criteria
- 109.2 Material Testing
- 109.2.1 Concrete
- 109.2.1.1 Compressive Strength
- 109.2.1.2 Alkali-Silica Reaction Evaluation
- 109.2.1.3 Chloride Content
- 109.2.1.4 Freeze-Thaw
- 109.2.1.5 Half-Cell Potential
- 109.2.1.6 Petrographic Analysis
- 109.2.2 Steel
- 109.2.2.1 Chemical Analysis
- 109.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties
- 109.2.1 Concrete
- 109.3 Concrete Bridge Decks
- 109.3.1 Condition Survey
- 109.3.1.1 Visual Inspection
- 109.3.1.2 Delamination Survey
- 109.3.1.3 Reinforcing Corrosion Survey
- 109.3.1.4 Deck Coring
- 109.3.2 Deck Evaluation
- 109.3.3 Deck Removal Methods
- 109.3.4 Preventive Maintenance and Rehabilitation
- 109.3.4.1 General
- 109.3.4.2 Patching
- 109.3.4.3 Low-Permeability Overlays
- 109.3.4.4 Widening and Partial-Width Re-decking
- 109.3.4.5 Barrier Reconstruction
- 109.3.5 Concrete Deck Replacement
- 109.3.5.1 General
- 109.3.5.2 Cast-in-Place Concrete
- 109.3.5.3 Precast Concrete
- 109.3.1 Condition Survey
- 109.4 Steel Grid Decks
- 109.4.1 General
- 109.4.2 Existing Steel Grid Deck Evaluation
- 109.4.2.1 Connection Failure and Fatigue
- 109.4.2.2 Corrosion
- 109.4.2.3 Delamination of Surfacing
- 109.4.2.4 Reduced Skid Resistance
- 109.4.3 Design Considerations
- 109.5 Timber Decks
- 109.5.1 General
- 109.5.2 Design Considerations
- 109.6 Safety Considerations
- 109.7 Deck Joints
- 109.8 Approach Slabs
- 109.9 Slabs, Beams, and Girders
- 109.9.1 Reinforced-Concrete Slabs
- 109.9.1.1 General
- 109.9.1.2 Design Considerations
- 109.9.1.3 Repair and Strengthening
- 109.9.2 Prestressed Concrete Beams
- 109.9.2.1 General
- 109.9.2.2 Design Considerations
- 109.9.2.3 Repair Methods
- 109.9.3 Steel Beams and Girders
- 109.9.3.1 General
- 109.9.3.2 Design Considerations
- 109.9.3.3 Repair and Strengthening
- 109.9.3.4 Fatigue Evaluation and Repair
- 109.9.3.5 Fire Damage
- 109.9.3.6 Surface Preparation and Painting
- 109.9.3.7 Cathodic Protection
- 109.9.3.8 Heat Straightening
- 109.9.1 Reinforced-Concrete Slabs
- 109.10 Bearings
- 109.11 Foundation and Substructure
- 109.11.1 General
- 109.11.2 Design Considerations
- 109.11.3 Repair Methods
- 109.11.3.1 Bearing Seat Repairs
- 109.11.3.2 Post-Tensioning Repairs
- 109.11.3.3 Underwater and Splash-Zone Repairs
- 109.11.3.4 Pile Repairs
- 109.11.3.5 Scour and Undermining Repairs
- 109.11.4 Stabilization and Underpinning
- 109.12 Retaining Walls
- 109.12.1 General
- 109.12.2 Design Considerations
- 109.12.3 Repair Methods
- 109.13 Culverts
- 109.13.1 General
- 109.13.2 Design Considerations
- 109.13.3 Repair Methods
- 109.14 Utilities
- 109.15 Moveable Bridges
- 109.16 References
Section 110 Ancillary Structures
- 110.1 Introduction
- 110.2 Terms
- 110.3 Overhead Sign Structures
- 110.3.1 Overhead Sign Structure Types and Geometrics
- 110.3.1.1 Cantilever Sign Structures
- 110.3.1.2 Span-Type Sign Structures
- 110.3.1.3 Bridge-Mounted Signs
- 110.3.2 General Design Considerations
- 110.3.2.1 Designer Responsibility
- 110.3.2.2 Materials
- 110.3.2.3 Design Criteria
- 110.3.2.4 Consideration for Future Conditions
- 110.3.3 Design Process
- 110.3.4 Foundations
- 110.3.1 Overhead Sign Structure Types and Geometrics
- 110.4 Sound Barrier Walls
- 110.4.1 Design Criteria
- 110.4.1.1 Designer Responsibility
- 110.4.1.2 General Criteria
- 110.4.1.3 Materials
- 110.4.1.4 Detailing Connections
- 110.4.1.5 Loads
- 110.4.1.6 Miscellaneous
- 110.4.2 Foundations
- 110.4.1 Design Criteria
- 110.5 References
Section 111 Construction Coordination
- 111.1 Working Drawings
- 111.1.1 Required Working Drawings
- 111.1.2 Working Drawings Review Procedure
- 111.1.2.1 Consultant Review of Working Drawings
- 111.1.3 Technical Guidelines for Review of Working Drawings
- 111.2 Contractor Requests for Information
- 111.3 Value Engineering Proposals (by Contractor)
- 111.4 Plan Revisions
- 111.5 As-Built Drawings
- 111.6 References