- 101.1 Purpose
- 101.2 Limitations of the Design Manual
- 101.3 Policy
- 101.4 Applicable Design Specifications and Standards
- 101.4.1 Design Specification Reference Nomenclature
- 101.4.2 Design Specifications
- 101.4.3 AASHTO Interim Specifications and New Editions
- 101.4.4 Deviations from Specifications
- 101.4.5 Order of Precedence
- 101.4.6 Modifications to the Design Manual
- 101.4.7 Additional Reference Manuals and Documents
- 101.5 Terms
- 101.5.1 Bridge Types
- 101.5.2 Roadway Types
- 101.5.2.1 Functional Classification
- 101.5.2.2 National Highway System
- 101.5.3 Project Types
- 101.6 FHWA Stewardship and Oversight Agreement
- 101.7 Computer Software
- 101.8 Feedback
- 101.9 References
- 102.1 Plan Presentation
- 102.1.1 Drafting Standards
- 102.1.2 Plan Sheet Sequence
- 102.1.3 Bridge Sheet Preparation
- 102.1.3.1 General and Project Notes
- 102.1.3.2 Bridge Plan and Elevation
- 102.1.3.3 Lay-Out Plan
- 102.1.3.4 Other Plans
- 102.1.4 Bridge Number
- 102.2 Special Provisions Development
- 102.3 Quantities and Cost Estimates
- 102.4 Construction Schedule
- 102.5 Bridge Design Procedures
- 102.5.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
- 102.5.2 Designed-In Value
- 102.5.2.1 Alternatives Analysis
- 102.5.2.2 Life-Cycle Cost Analyses
- 102.5.3 Documentation of Design
- 102.5.4 Design Exceptions and Design Variances
- 102.5.5 Chronology of Submissions
- 102.6 Preliminary Design
- 102.6.1 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Report
- 102.6.2 Scour Evaluation Report
- 102.6.3 Foundation Reports
- 102.6.4 Conceptual Type, Size, and Location Plans
- 102.6.5 Type, Size, and Location Submission
- 102.6.5.1 Type, Size, and Location Submission Requirements
- 102.7 Preliminary Construction Plans
- 102.8 Semi-Final Construction Plans
- 102.9 Final Construction Plans
- 102.10 Plans, Specifications, and Estimate
- 102.11 Bid-Cycle Requirements
- 102.11.1 Addenda
- 102.11.2 Bid Opening and Bid Review
- 102.12 References
- 103.1 Introduction
- 103.2 Terms
- 103.3 Bridge Geometric Design Requirements
- 103.3.1 Bridge Length
- 103.3.2 Minimum Width of Bridges
- 103.3.2.1 Shoulder Width Requirements for Deck Drainage
- 103.3.2.2 Sidewalks
- 103.3.2.3 Bicycle and Shared Use Facilities
- 103.3.2.4 Superelevation
- 103.3.3 Protection for Median Gap of Parallel Structures
- 103.3.4 Horizontal Clearance and Pier Protection
- 103.3.4.1 Over Rivers, Streams, Wetlands, and Floodplains
- 103.3.4.2 Over Roadways / Grade Crossings
- 103.3.4.3 Over Railroads
- 103.3.5 Vertical Clearance
- 103.3.5.1 Over Rivers, Streams, Wetlands, Floodplains
- 103.3.5.2 Over Roadways / Grade Crossings
- 103.3.5.3 Over Railroads
- 103.3.6 Bridge Skew
- 103.3.7 Approach Slabs
- 103.4 Structure Type Selection
- 103.4.1 Bridge Types
- 103.4.1.1 Structural Steel
- 103.4.1.2 Concrete Bridges
- 103.4.1.3 Timber Bridges
- 103.4.1.4 Culverts
- 103.4.2 Selection of Superstructure Type
- 103.4.2.1 Spans less than 20 feet
- 103.4.2.2 Spans from 20 feet to 30 feet
- 103.4.2.3 Spans from 30 feet to 90 feet
- 103.4.2.4 Spans from 90 feet to 165 feet
- 103.4.2.5 Spans greater than 165 feet
- 103.5 Construction
- 103.5.1 Future Re-decking Considerations
- 103.5.2 Consideration for Future Widening
- 103.5.3 Hauling Permits
- 103.5.4 Maintenance of Traffic
- 103.5.5 Inspectability
- 103.6 Substructure Type Selection
- 103.6.1 General Considerations
- 103.6.2 Abutments and Wingwalls
- 103.6.3 Piers
- 103.7 Retaining Walls
- 103.7.1 Wall Types
- 103.7.1.1 Post and Plank Walls
- 103.7.1.2 Sheet Pile Walls
- 103.7.1.3 Reinforced Concrete Walls
- 103.7.1.4 Anchored Walls
- 103.7.1.5 Proprietary Retaining Walls
- 103.8 Bridge Rehabilitation versus Replacement Selection Guidelines
- 103.8.1 Cost
- 103.8.2 Safety
- 103.8.3 Bridge Type
- 103.8.4 Bridge Standards
- 103.8.5 Feature Crossed
- 103.8.6 Comprehensive Assessment of Rehabilitation versus Replacement
- 103.9 Accelerated Bridge Construction
- 103.9.1 Decision-Making/Planning Process
- 103.9.1.1 ABC Rating Score
- 103.9.1.2 FHWA Decision Flowcharts / ABC AHP Software Tool
- 103.9.1.3 Emergency Projects
- 103.9.1.4 Repair and Rehabilitation Projects
- 103.9.2 ABC Methods/Techniques
- 103.9.2.1 Foundation and Wall Elements
- 103.9.2.2 Rapid Embankment Construction
- 103.9.2.3 Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems
- 103.9.2.4 Structural Placement Methods
- 103.9.2.5 Fast-Track Contracting
- 103.10 Requirements for the Design of Highway Bridges over Railroads
- 103.11 References
- 104.1 Introduction
- 104.1.1 Terms
- 104.1.2 Coordination
- 104.1.3 Design Responsibilities
- 104.1.4 Field Data Collection
- 104.1.5 Topographic Survey and Extent of Hydraulic Study
- 104.2 Hydrology
- 104.2.1 Introduction
- 104.2.2 Documentation
- 104.2.3 Precipitation
- 104.2.3.1 The Rational Method
- 104.2.3.2 Delaware Regression Method (SIR 2006-5146)
- 104.2.3.3 Published Reports
- 104.2.3.4 Flood-Frequency Analysis of Recorded Stream Gage Data
- 104.2.3.5 Other Methods/Models
- 104.2.4 Methodology Selection Guidance
- 104.2.5 Design Flood Frequency
- 104.2.6 Confidence Intervals
- 104.2.7 Frequency Mixing (Probability of Coincidental Occurrence)
- 104.3 Hydraulics
- 104.3.1 Culverts
- 104.3.1.1 Sizing
- 104.3.1.2 Site Conditions and Skew
- 104.3.1.3 Shape/Material
- 104.3.1.4 Environmental Considerations
- 104.3.2 Bridges
- 104.3.2.1 Sizing
- 104.3.2.2 Site Conditions and Skew
- 104.3.2.3 Shape/Material
- 104.3.3 Hydraulics for Dam Safety Projects
- 104.3.3.1 Sizing
- 104.3.3.2 Site Conditions and Bridges Near Non-regulated Dams
- 104.3.3.3 Shape/Material
- 104.3.3.4 Dam Safety Regulations
- 104.3.4 Tidal Hydraulics – Bridges and Culverts
- 104.3.4.1 General
- 104.3.4.2 Use of Qualified Coastal Engineers
- 104.3.4.3 Tidal Hydraulic and Scour Analysis
- 104.3.4.4 Tidal Modeling
- 104.3.4.5 Freeboard for Tidal Bridges
- 104.3.4.6 Sea Level Rise
- 104.3.4.7 Tidal Hydraulics References
- 104.3.5 Hydraulics Methodologies and Software
- 104.3.5.1 HEC-RAS
- 104.3.5.2 HY-8
- 104.3.5.3 Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Models
- 104.4 Scour Evaluation and Protection
- 104.4.1 Scour Investigation
- 104.4.2 Scour Components
- 104.4.2.2 Long-Term Scour
- 104.4.2.3 Contraction Scour
- 104.4.2.4 Local Scour
- 104.4.3 Scour Flood Magnitude
- 104.4.4 Design Considerations
- 104.4.4.1 Scour Due to Lateral Movement
- 104.4.4.2 Spread Footings
- 104.4.4.3 Dams and Backwater
- 104.4.4.4 Streambed Material
- 104.4.4.5 Scour in Cohesive Soils
- 104.4.4.6 Scourability of Rock
- 104.4.5 Scour Countermeasures
- 104.4.5.1 Riprap Protection
- 104.4.5.2 Guide Banks
- 104.4.5.3 Scour Protection at Culverts
- 104.4.6 Scour Evaluation Documentation
- 104.4.7 Scour Plan Presentation
- 104.5 Streams
- 104.5.1 Stream Stability Analysis
- 104.5.2 Bank Protection
- 104.5.3 Channel Modifications
- 104.5.4 Stream Diversions
- 104.5.5 Ice and Debris
- 104.6 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Report
- 104.6.1 Hydraulic Summary Data Sheet and Definitions
- 104.7 Plan Presentation
- 104.8 Laws, Policy, Regulations and Permits
- 104.8.1 FEMA Compliance
- 104.8.2 New Castle County Requirements
- 104.8.3 Tax Ditches
- 104.8.4 Risk Assessment or Analysis
- 104.8.5 Aids to Navigation
- 104.8.6 DelDOT Project Development Manual
- 104.9 References
- 105.1 Introduction
- 105.2 Terms
- 105.3 Subsurface Investigations
- 105.3.1 Estimating Soil and Rock Properties
- 105.3.2 Estimating Ground Water Table Elevation
- 105.3.3 Estimation of Bearing Capacity
- 105.3.4 Estimation of Settlement
- 105.3.5 Estimated Depth of Unsuitable Materials
- 105.3.6 Global Stability
- 105.3.7 Corrosive Environment
- 105.3.8 Lateral Squeeze
- 105.4 Subsurface Investigation Request
- 105.4.1 Request for Test Borings
- 105.4.1.1 Quantity and Location of Structural Borings
- 105.4.1.2 Depth of Structural Borings
- 105.4.2 Boring Logs
- 105.4.3 Coordination for Soils/Rock Testing
- 105.4.3.1 Typical Soil Tests
- 105.4.3.2 Typical Rock Tests
- 105.5 Geotechnical Report
- 105.6 Foundation Report
- 105.6.1 Concise Foundation Report
- 105.6.2 Foundation Report Submittals
- 105.6.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
- 105.6.4 Geotechnical Design References
- 105.7 References
- 106.1 Introduction
- 106.2 Terms
- 106.3 Design Loads
- 106.3.1 Dead Loads
- 106.3.1.1 Considerations for Deck Haunch
- 106.3.1.2 Distribution of Dead Loads
- 106.3.2 Live Loads
- 106.4 Bridge Decks
- 106.4.1 Deck Type Considerations
- 106.4.2 Concrete Decks
- 106.4.2.1 Concrete Deck Design Considerations
- 106.4.2.2 Deck Thickness
- 106.4.2.3 Deck-Reinforcing Steel
- 106.4.2.4 Deck Haunch
- 106.4.2.5 Concrete Cover
- 106.4.2.6 Deck Placement Sequence
- 106.4.2.7 Deck Overhangs
- 106.4.2.8 Concrete Deck Finishing
- 106.4.2.9 Future Wearing Surface/Overlays
- 106.4.2.10 Concrete Deck Construction Joints
- 106.4.2.11 Temporary Protective Shield
- 106.4.3 Finished Deck Elevations
- 106.5 Bridge Barriers and Railings
- 106.5.1 DelDOT Standard Bridge Barrier and Railing Applications
- 106.5.2 Bridge Barrier Design Considerations
- 106.5.3 Protective Screening, Shielding, and Fencing
- 106.5.4 Bridge Lighting
- 106.6 Deck Joints
- 106.6.1 Jointless Bridges
- 106.6.2 Strip Seal Joints
- 106.6.3 Steel Finger Joints
- 106.6.4 Longitudinal Joints
- 106.7 Approach Slab Design
- 106.7.1 Approach Slab Geometry and Design Requirements
- 106.8 Steel Superstructure Design Considerations
- 106.8.1 Structural Steel – Material Requirements
- 106.8.1.1 Grade 50 Steel
- 106.8.1.2 Weathering Steel
- 106.8.1.3 High-Performance Steels
- 106.8.2 Fatigue and Fracture Considerations
- 106.8.2.1 Redundancy Requirements
- 106.8.2.2 Welding and Weld Procedures
- 106.8.3 Steel-Rolled Beams and Plate Girders
- 106.8.3.1 Minimum Plate Thicknesses
- 106.8.3.2 Plate Girder Geometric Proportionality – General Practice
- 106.8.4 Shear Connectors
- 106.8.5 Stiffeners, Diaphragms, and Bracing
- 106.8.6 Bolted Connections
- 106.8.7 Protective Coatings
- 106.8.7.1 Paint Systems
- 106.8.7.2 Galvanization
- 106.8.8 Steel-Plate Girder and Rolled Beam Bridges
- 106.8.8.1 Method of Analysis
- 106.8.8.2 Diaphragms/Cross-Bracing
- 106.8.8.3 Bearings for Horizontally Curved and/or Skewed Steel Superstructures
- 106.8.9 Erection Analysis and Erection Plans
- 106.8.9.1 Requirements for Designer
- 106.8.9.2 Erection Submittal Requirements for Contractor’s Engineer
- 106.8.10 Deck Placement Sequence Analysis and Design
- 106.9 Prestressed Concrete Bridge Superstructures
- 106.9.1 Materials
- 106.9.2 Design Methodology
- 106.9.2.1 Design Methodology
- 106.9.3 Diaphragm Requirements
- 106.9.4 Minimum Spacing of Prestressing Tendons
- 106.9.5 Tensile Stresses Due to Prestressing
- 106.9.6 De-bonding Versus Draping
- 106.9.7 Reinforcement
- 106.9.7.1 Composite Shear Reinforcement
- 106.9.7.2 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
- 106.9.8 Skew Effects
- 106.9.8.1 Grade and Cross-Slope Effects
- 106.9.8.2 Horizontal Curve and Flare Effect
- 106.9.9 Camber
- 106.9.9.1 Consideration for Staged Construction Camber
- 106.9.9.2 Simple Spans Made Continuous
- 106.10 Bearings
- 106.10.1 Elastomeric Bearings
- 106.10.1.1 Steel-Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings
- 106.10.2 High-Load Multi-Rotational Bearings
- 106.10.2.1 Pot Bearings
- 106.10.2.2 Disc Bearings
- 106.10.2.3 Spherical Bearings
- 106.10.2.4 Mechanical Bearings
- 106.10.3 Guidelines for Bearing Selection
- 106.10.3.1 Bearing Type Preferences
- 106.10.3.2 Feasibility due to Fabrication, Installation and Testing Limitations
- 106.10.4 Loads, Rotation and Translation
- 106.10.5 Design Requirements
- 106.10.5.1 Elastomeric Bearings
- 106.10.5.2 High-load Multi-Rotational Bearings
- 106.10.5.3 Design Limitations
- 106.10.6 Consecutively Fixed Piers
- 106.10.7 Accommodations for Future Bearing Replacement
- 106.10.8 Bearings for Horizontally-Curved and/or Skewed Bridges
- 106.10.9 Anchorage to Structure
- 106.10.9.1 Sole Plates
- 106.10.9.2 Masonry Plates and Anchor Rods
- 106.10.10 Lateral Restraint
- 106.10.11 Uplift Restraint
- 106.10.12 Bearing Schedule
- 106.11 References
- 107.1 Introduction
- 107.2 Terms
- 107.3 Foundation Design
- 107.3.1 Settlement Considerations
- 107.3.2 Spread Footing Foundations
- 107.3.3 Deep Foundations
- 107.3.4 Pile Foundations
- 107.3.4.1 Precast-Prestressed Concrete Piles
- 107.3.4.2 Steel Pipe Piles
- 107.3.4.3 Steel Shell and Cast-in-Place Piles
- 107.3.4.4 Steel H-Piles
- 107.3.4.5 Timber Piles
- 107.3.4.6 Drilled Shaft Foundations
- 107.3.4.7 Micropiles, Auger-cast Piles, and New Pile Technologies
- 107.3.4.8 Selection of Deep Foundation Type
- 107.3.4.9 Pile-Bearing Capacity
- 107.3.5 Additional Foundation Details
- 107.3.5.1 Design Footing and Pile Resistance
- 107.3.5.2 Scour
- 107.3.5.3 Stepped Footings
- 107.3.5.4 Corrosion and Deterioration
- 107.4 Substructure Design
- 107.4.1 Abutment Design
- 107.4.1.1 Semi-Integral Abutments
- 107.4.1.2 Integral Abutments
- 107.4.1.3 Reinforced-Concrete Stub Abutments
- 107.4.1.4 Reinforced-Concrete Cantilever Abutments
- 107.4.1.5 Abutment, Backwall, and Wingwall Details
- 107.5 Pier Design
- 107.5.1 Pier Analysis and Design
- 107.5.2 Fixity Considerations
- 107.5.3 Pier Detailing
- 107.5.4 Pile Bents
- 107.5.5 Protective Sealing of Surfaces
- 107.6 Retaining Wall Design
- 107.6.1 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
- 107.6.1.1 Select Granular Backfill
- 107.6.1.2 Designer Responsibility
- 107.6.1.3 MSE Wall Manufacturer Responsibility
- 107.6.2 Reinforced-Concrete Cantilevered Walls
- 107.6.3 Post and Plank Walls
- 107.6.4 Sheet-Pile Walls
- 107.6.4.1 Steel Sheet Piles
- 107.6.4.2 Concrete Sheet Piles
- 107.7 Culvert Design
- 107.7.1 Culvert Hydraulics
- 107.7.2 Culvert Foundation Design
- 107.7.3 Concrete Culverts
- 107.7.3.1 Precast Concrete Box Culverts
- 107.7.3.2 Cast-In-Place Concrete Box Culverts
- 107.7.3.3 Reinforced Concrete Rigid Frames
- 107.7.3.4 Concrete Arches
- 107.7.3.5 Precast Proprietary Structures
- 107.7.4 Pipe Culverts
- 107.7.5 Culvert Details
- 107.7.5.1 Headwalls
- 107.7.5.2 Wingwalls
- 107.7.5.3 Cutoff Walls
- 107.7.5.4 Scour Aprons
- 107.7.5.5 Guardrail Attachments
- 107.7.5.6 Protective Sealing of Surfaces
- 107.8 Architectural Treatments
- 107.9 Temporary Excavation Support Systems
- 107.10 References
- 108.1 Introduction
- 108.2 Application
- 108.3 Terms
- 108.4 Load Rating Specifications
- 108.5 Load Rating Process
- 108.6 Responsibility
- 108.7 Quality Control Procedures
- 108.7.1 Quality Control Roles and Responsibilities
- 108.7.2 Load Rating Engineer Qualifications
- 108.7.3 Load Rater Qualifications
- 108.7.4 Load Rating Reviewer Qualifications
- 108.7.5 Review and Validation of Load Rating Reports
- 108.7.6 Resolution of Data, Errors and Changes
- 108.8 Quality Assurance Procedures
- 108.8.1 Quality Assurance Roles and Responsibilities
- 108.8.2 Load Rating Quality Assurance Review Procedures
- 108.8.2.1 Sampling Parameters
- 108.8.2.2 Acceptance Criteria
- 108.8.2.3 Annual Report
- 108.9 Load Rating Requirements
- 108.9.1 New Bridges
- 108.9.2 Rehabilitated Bridges
- 108.9.3 During Construction
- 108.9.4 Bridge Inspections
- 108.9.5 Load Rating Timeline
- 108.9.5.1 New Bridge and Rehabilitated Bridges
- 108.9.5.2 Load Ratings Based on Bridge Inspections
- 108.9.5.3 Periodic Load Rating Review
- 108.9.6 Rated Members
- 108.10 Load Rating Procedures
- 108.10.1 Analytical Steps in Load Rating
- 108.10.2 Information Gathering
- 108.10.2.1 Material Properties
- 108.10.3 Load Rating Methods
- 108.10.3.1 Load and Resistance Factor Rating Method
- 108.10.3.2 Diagnostic Load Testing
- 108.10.3.3 Pipe Culverts
- 108.10.3.4 Other Methods
- 108.10.4 Structural Analysis and Tools
- 108.10.4.1 Structural Analysis Requirements
- 108.10.4.2 BRASS Data Set Standards
- 108.10.5 General Load Rating Equation
- 108.10.5.1 Limit States, Load Effects, and Load Factors
- 108.10.5.2 Condition Factor
- 108.10.5.3 System Factor
- 108.10.5.4 Resistance Factors
- 108.10.5.5 Loads
- 108.10.6 Load Rating Report
- 108.10.7 Load Rating Examples
- 108.10.8 Load Restriction Posting
- 108.11 References
- 109.1 Introduction
- 109.1.1 Bridge Inspections and Load Ratings
- 109.1.2 Environmental Considerations
- 109.1.3 Rehabilitation Design Criteria
- 109.2 Material Testing
- 109.2.1 Concrete
- 109.2.1.1 Compressive Strength
- 109.2.1.2 Alkali-Silica Reaction Evaluation
- 109.2.1.3 Chloride Content
- 109.2.1.4 Freeze-Thaw
- 109.2.1.5 Half-Cell Potential
- 109.2.1.6 Petrographic Analysis
- 109.2.2 Steel
- 109.2.2.1 Chemical Analysis
- 109.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties
- 109.3 Concrete Bridge Decks
- 109.3.1 Condition Survey
- 109.3.1.1 Visual Inspection
- 109.3.1.2 Delamination Survey
- 109.3.1.3 Reinforcing Corrosion Survey
- 109.3.1.4 Deck Coring
- 109.3.2 Deck Evaluation
- 109.3.3 Deck Removal Methods
- 109.3.4 Preventive Maintenance and Rehabilitation
- 109.3.4.1 General
- 109.3.4.2 Patching
- 109.3.4.3 Low-Permeability Overlays
- 109.3.4.4 Widening and Partial-Width Re-decking
- 109.3.4.5 Barrier Reconstruction
- 109.3.5 Concrete Deck Replacement
- 109.3.5.1 General
- 109.3.5.2 Cast-in-Place Concrete
- 109.3.5.3 Precast Concrete
- 109.4 Steel Grid Decks
- 109.4.1 General
- 109.4.2 Existing Steel Grid Deck Evaluation
- 109.4.2.1 Connection Failure and Fatigue
- 109.4.2.2 Corrosion
- 109.4.2.3 Delamination of Surfacing
- 109.4.2.4 Reduced Skid Resistance
- 109.4.3 Design Considerations
- 109.5 Timber Decks
- 109.5.1 General
- 109.5.2 Design Considerations
- 109.6 Safety Considerations
- 109.7 Deck Joints
- 109.8 Approach Slabs
- 109.9 Slabs, Beams, and Girders
- 109.9.1 Reinforced-Concrete Slabs
- 109.9.1.1 General
- 109.9.1.2 Design Considerations
- 109.9.1.3 Repair and Strengthening
- 109.9.2 Prestressed Concrete Beams
- 109.9.2.1 General
- 109.9.2.2 Design Considerations
- 109.9.2.3 Repair Methods
- 109.9.3 Steel Beams and Girders
- 109.9.3.1 General
- 109.9.3.2 Design Considerations
- 109.9.3.3 Repair and Strengthening
- 109.9.3.4 Fatigue Evaluation and Repair
- 109.9.3.5 Fire Damage
- 109.9.3.6 Surface Preparation and Painting
- 109.9.3.7 Cathodic Protection
- 109.9.3.8 Heat Straightening
- 109.10 Bearings
- 109.11 Foundation and Substructure
- 109.11.1 General
- 109.11.2 Design Considerations
- 109.11.3 Repair Methods
- 109.11.3.1 Bearing Seat Repairs
- 109.11.3.2 Post-Tensioning Repairs
- 109.11.3.3 Underwater and Splash-Zone Repairs
- 109.11.3.4 Pile Repairs
- 109.11.3.5 Scour and Undermining Repairs
- 109.11.4 Stabilization and Underpinning
- 109.12 Retaining Walls
- 109.12.1 General
- 109.12.2 Design Considerations
- 109.12.3 Repair Methods
- 109.13 Culverts
- 109.13.1 General
- 109.13.2 Design Considerations
- 109.13.3 Repair Methods
- 109.14 Utilities
- 109.15 Moveable Bridges
- 109.16 References
- 110.1 Introduction
- 110.2 Terms
- 110.3 Overhead Sign Structures
- 110.3.1 Overhead Sign Structure Types and Geometrics
- 110.3.1.1 Cantilever Sign Structures
- 110.3.1.2 Span-Type Sign Structures
- 110.3.1.3 Bridge-Mounted Signs
- 110.3.2 General Design Considerations
- 110.3.2.1 Designer Responsibility
- 110.3.2.2 Materials
- 110.3.2.3 Design Criteria
- 110.3.2.4 Consideration for Future Conditions
- 110.3.3 Design Process
- 110.3.4 Foundations
- 110.4 Sound Barrier Walls
- 110.4.1 Design Criteria
- 110.4.1.1 Designer Responsibility
- 110.4.1.2 General Criteria
- 110.4.1.3 Materials
- 110.4.1.4 Detailing Connections
- 110.4.1.5 Loads
- 110.4.1.6 Miscellaneous
- 110.4.2 Foundations
- 110.5 References
- 111.1 Working Drawings
- 111.1.1 Required Working Drawings
- 111.1.2 Working Drawings Review Procedure
- 111.1.2.1 Consultant Review of Working Drawings
- 111.1.3 Technical Guidelines for Review of Working Drawings
- 111.2 Contractor Requests for Information
- 111.3 Value Engineering Proposals (by Contractor)
- 111.4 Plan Revisions
- 111.5 As-Built Drawings
- 111.6 References
Abbreviations and Acronyms
°C degrees Celsius
°F degrees Fahrenheit
1-D one dimensional
2-D two-dimensional
3-D three-dimensional
AADT annual average daily traffic
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ABC Accelerated Bridge Construction
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
ADD Addendum
ADT average daily traffic
ADTT average daily truck traffic
AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process
APD accelerated project delivery
AREMA American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (but this manual uses the acronym to refer to the AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering)
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASR alkali-silica reaction
ATON aids to navigation
AWS American Welding Society
BFE Base Flood Elevation
BMS Bridge Management System
BOEF Beam on elastic foundation
CADD computer-aided design and drafting
CAPWAP Case Pile Wave Analysis Program
CCA chromate copper arsenate
CCNS closed cell neoprene sponge
CE carbon equivalent
CFA continuous flight auger
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CFRP carbon fiber reinforced polymer
CJP complete joint penetration
CLOMR conditional letter of map revision
CMS Changeable Message Signs
CPM Critical Path Method
CPT Cone Penetrometer Tests
CSE copper-sulfate half-cell electrode
CTP Capital Transportation Program
DCDPF Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations
DEF delayed ettringite formation
DelDOT Delaware Department of Transportation
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DGM Design Guidance Memorandum
DHV Design Hourly Volume
DMS Dynamic Message Sign
DMT Dilatometer Test
DNREC Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
DRBA Delaware River and Bay Authority
DRC Design Resource Center
EAP Emergency Action Plan
EM Electromagnetics
EOR Engineer of Record
EPS expanded polystyrene
ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center
ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
FCM fracture critical member
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FIS Flood Insurance Study
ft feet
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GeoHMS Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension
GIS geographic information system
GPR Ground Penetrating Radar
GRS/IBS Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil / Integrated Bridge System
GUI graphical user’s interface
H:V Horizontal:Vertical
HDPE high density polyethylene
HEC Hydraulic Engineering Circular or Hydrologic Engineering Center
HEC-HMS Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
HEC-RAS Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
HEC-SSP Hydrologic Engineering Center Statistical Software Package
HFAWG Hydrologic Frequency Analysis Work Group
H&H hydrologic and hydraulic
HLMR high-load multi-rotational
HMA hot-mix asphalt
HMWM high molecular weight metharylate
HPS high-performance steel
HW headwater
IGM Intermediate Geomaterial
IR Infrared
LCCA life-cycle cost analysis
LiDAR light detection and ranging (remote sensing method)
LMC latex modified concrete
LOC limits of construction
LOMR Letter of Map Revision
LRFD load and resistance factor design
LRFR Load and Resistance Factor Rating
LTEC least total expected cost
M&R Material and Research
MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act
MASH Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware
MASW Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves
MBE Manual for Bridge Evaluation
MCFT Modified Compression Field Theory
MHW mean high water
MLW mean low water
MOT maintenance of traffic
MR&R maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation
MSE mechanically stabilized earth
NAVD 88 North American Vertical Datum of 1988
NBI National Bridge Inventory
NBIS National Bridge Inspection Standards
NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program
NCSPA National Corrugated Steel Pipe Association
NEPCOAT Northeast Protective Coating Committee
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NHD National Hydrography Dataset
NHS National Highway System
NLF No-load fit
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly SCS)
NSBA National Steel Bridge Alliance
OHW Ordinary High Water
PBES prefabricated bridge elements and systems
PCEF Prestressed Concrete Committee for Economic Fabrication
PCI Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
PCINE Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Northeast
PDA Pile Driving Analyzer
PDF Adobe Acrobat Portable Document File
PDM DelDOT Project Development Manual (2015)
PEP plain elastomeric bearing pad
PoDI Projects of Division Interest
PMF Probable Maximum Flood
PMT Pressuremeter Test
PQR Procedure Qualification Records
PS&E plans, specifications, and estimate
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
QA Quality Assurance
QC Quality Control
QA/QC Quality assurance / Quality control
RCRF Reinforced Concrete Rigid Frames
RFI request for information
RH rehabilitate
RMR Rock Mass Rating
RP replace
RQD Rock Quality Designation
S&O Stewardship and Oversight
SASW Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves
SCC self-consolidating concrete
SCL structural composite lumber
SCS Soil Conservation Service
SDF Spillway Design Flood
SDI slake durability index
SDLF steel dead load fit
SDR structure data records
SHV Specialized Hauling Vehicles
SIP Stay-in-Place
SMS (Aquaveo) Surface-Water Modeling System
SPMT self-propelled modular transporters
SPT Standard Penetration Tests
SRICOS-EFA Scour Rate in Cohesive Soil – Erosion Function Apparatus
SRM System Redundant Member
STU Shock Transmission Unit
TDLF total dead load fit
TIN triangulated irregular network
TRB Transportation Research Board
TS&L type, size, and location
UDC Unified Development Code (New Castle County)
UH unit hydrograph
UHPC ultra-high performance concrete
UIT Ultrasonic Impact Treatment
USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USBR U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
U.S.C. United States Code
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
USGS SIR USGS Scientific Investigations Report
VMS Variable Message Signs
VST Vane Shear Test
WDM Watershed Data Management
WMS Watershed Modeling System
WPS Welding Procedure Specifications
WSE water surface elevations
YS/TS Yield strength/Tensile strength