Table of Contents
Section 101 Introduction
- 101.1 Purpose
- 101.2 Limitations of the Design Manual
- 101.3 Policy
- 101.4 Applicable Design Specifications and Standards
- 101.5 Terms
- 101.6 FHWA Stewardship and Oversight Agreement
- 101.7 Computer Software
- 101.8 Feedback
- 101.9 References
Section 102 Bridge Design Submission Requirements
- 102.1 Plan Presentation
- 102.2 Special Provisions Development
- 102.3 Quantities and Cost Estimates
- 102.4 Construction Schedule
- 102.5 Bridge Design Procedures
- 102.6 Preliminary Design
- 102.7 Preliminary Construction Plans
- 102.8 Semi-Final Construction Plans
- 102.9 Final Construction Plans
- 102.10 Plans, Specifications, and Estimate
- 102.11 Bid-Cycle Requirements
- 102.12 References
Section 103 Bridge Geometry and Structure Type Selection
- 103.1 Introduction
- 103.2 Terms
- 103.3 Bridge Geometric Design Requirements
- 103.4 Structure Type Selection
- 103.5 Construction
- 103.6 Substructure Type Selection
- 103.7 Retaining Walls
- 103.8 Bridge Rehabilitation versus Replacement Selection Guidelines
- 103.9 Accelerated Bridge Construction
- 103.10 Requirements for the Design of Highway Bridges over Railroads
- 103.11 References
Section 104 Hydrology and Hydraulics
- 104.1 Introduction
- 104.2 Hydrology
- 104.3 Hydraulics
- 104.4 Scour Evaluation and Protection
- 104.5 Streams
- 104.6 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Report
- 104.7 Plan Presentation
- 104.8 Laws, Policy, Regulations and Permits
- 104.9 References
Appendix 104-1: Hydraulic Field Assessment Checklist
Appendix 104-2: Hydraulic Survey Form
Appendix 104-3: H&H Report Hydraulic Data Summary Sheet
Appendix 104-4: H&H Report Sample Format
Section 105 Geotechnical Investigations
- 105.1 Introduction
- 105.2 Terms
- 105.3 Subsurface Investigations
- 105.4 Subsurface Investigation Request
- 105.5 Geotechnical Report
- 105.6 Foundation Report
- 105.7 References
Section 106 Final Design Consideration – Superstructure
- 106.1 Introduction
- 106.2 Terms
- 106.3 Design Loads
- 106.4 Bridge Decks
- 106.4.1 Deck Type Considerations
- 106.4.2 Concrete Decks
- 106.4.2.1 Concrete Deck Design Considerations
- 106.4.2.2 Deck Thickness
- 106.4.2.3 Deck-Reinforcing Steel
- 106.4.2.4 Deck Haunch
- 106.4.2.5 Concrete Cover
- 106.4.2.6 Deck Placement Sequence
- 106.4.2.7 Deck Overhangs
- 106.4.2.8 Concrete Deck Finishing
- 106.4.2.9 Future Wearing Surface/Overlays
- 106.4.2.10 Concrete Deck Construction Joints
- 106.4.2.11 Temporary Protective Shield
- 106.4.3 Finished Deck Elevations
- 106.5 Bridge Barriers and Railings
- 106.6 Deck Joints
- 106.7 Approach Slab Design
- 106.8 Steel Superstructure Design Considerations
- 106.8.1 Structural Steel – Material Requirements
- 106.8.2 Fatigue and Fracture Considerations
- 106.8.3 Steel-Rolled Beams and Plate Girders
- 106.8.4 Shear Connectors
- 106.8.5 Stiffeners, Diaphragms, and Bracing
- 106.8.6 Bolted Connections
- 106.8.7 Protective Coatings
- 106.8.8 Steel-Plate Girder and Rolled Beam Bridges
- 106.8.9 Erection Analysis and Erection Plans
- 106.8.10 Deck Placement Sequence Analysis and Design
- 106.9 Prestressed Concrete Bridge Superstructures
- 106.10 Bearings
- 106.10.1 Elastomeric Bearings
- 106.10.2 High-Load Multi-Rotational Bearings
- 106.10.3 Guidelines for Bearing Selection
- 106.10.4 Loads, Rotation and Translation
- 106.10.5 Design Requirements
- 106.10.6 Consecutively Fixed Piers
- 106.10.7 Accommodations for Future Bearing Replacement
- 106.10.8 Bearings for Horizontally-Curved and/or Skewed Bridges
- 106.10.9 Anchorage to Structure
- 106.10.10 Lateral Restraint
- 106.10.11 Uplift Restraint
- 106.10.12 Bearing Schedule
- 106.11 References
Section 107 Final Design Considerations – Substructure
- 107.1 Introduction
- 107.2 Terms
- 107.3 Foundation Design
- 107.3.1 Settlement Considerations
- 107.3.2 Spread Footing Foundations
- 107.3.3 Deep Foundations
- 107.3.4 Pile Foundations
- 107.3.4.1 Precast-Prestressed Concrete Piles
- 107.3.4.2 Steel Pipe Piles
- 107.3.4.3 Steel Shell and Cast-in-Place Piles
- 107.3.4.4 Steel H-Piles
- 107.3.4.5 Timber Piles
- 107.3.4.6 Drilled Shaft Foundations
- 107.3.4.7 Micropiles, Auger-cast Piles, and New Pile Technologies
- 107.3.4.8 Selection of Deep Foundation Type
- 107.3.4.9 Pile-Bearing Capacity
- 107.3.5 Additional Foundation Details
- 107.4 Substructure Design
- 107.5 Pier Design
- 107.6 Retaining Wall Design
- 107.7 Culvert Design
- 107.8 Architectural Treatments
- 107.9 Temporary Excavation Support Systems
- 107.10 References
Section 108 Bridge Load Rating
- 108.1 Introduction
- 108.2 Application
- 108.3 Terms
- 108.4 Load Rating Specifications
- 108.5 Load Rating Process
- 108.6 Responsibility
- 108.7 Quality Control Procedures
- 108.8 Quality Assurance Procedures
- 108.9 Load Rating Requirements
- 108.10 Load Rating Procedures
- 108.11 References
Appendix 108-1 – Sample Brass-LRFD Data File
Appendix 108-2 – Load Restriction Resolution
Section 109 Bridge Preservation Strategies
- 109.1 Introduction
- 109.2 Material Testing
- 109.3 Concrete Bridge Decks
- 109.4 Steel Grid Decks
- 109.5 Timber Decks
- 109.6 Safety Considerations
- 109.7 Deck Joints
- 109.8 Approach Slabs
- 109.9 Slabs, Beams, and Girders
- 109.10 Bearings
- 109.11 Foundation and Substructure
- 109.12 Retaining Walls
- 109.13 Culverts
- 109.14 Utilities
- 109.15 Moveable Bridges
- 109.16 References
Section 110 Ancillary Structures
- 110.1 Introduction
- 110.2 Terms
- 110.3 Overhead Sign Structures
- 110.4 Sound Barrier Walls
- 110.5 References
Section 111 Construction Coordination
- 111.1 Working Drawings
- 111.2 Contractor Requests for Information
- 111.3 Value Engineering Proposals (by Contractor)
- 111.4 Plan Revisions
- 111.5 As-Built Drawings
- 111.6 References
Section 200 DelDOT References to AASHTO Manual
Section 300 Typical Bridge Design Detail
List of Tables
Table 103‑1. Minimum Width Criteria for Bridges1............................................................................................103.3.2
Table 103‑2. Bridge Rehabilitation (RH) vs Replacement (RP) Worksheet (Page 2)....................................103.8.6
Table 104‑1. Design Frequency and Confidence Interval.................................................................................104.2.6
Table 104‑2. DelDOT Scour Design Floor and Check Flood............................................................................104.4.3
Table 104‑3. Scour Summary...........................................................................................................................104.4.6
Table 104‑4. Design Storm for Various Construction Periods..........................................................................104.5.4
Table 106‑1. DelDOT Bridge Barrier Classifications........................................................................................106.5.1
Table 106‑2. Suggested Format for Providing Bearing Schedule Loads.........................................................106.10.12
Table 107‑1. Foundation Types and Applicable Soil Conditions......................................................................107.3
Table 107‑2. Design Criteria for Piles – Precast-Prestressed Concrete..........................................................107.3.4.8
Table 107‑3. Design Criteria for Piles – Steel-Pipe Piles.................................................................................107.3.4.8
Table 107‑4. Design Criteria for Piles – Steel Shell and Cast-in-Place Concrete............................................107.3.4.8
Table 107‑5. Design Criteria for Piles – Steel H-Sections...............................................................................107.3.4.8
Table 107‑6. Design Criteria for Piles – Timber...............................................................................................107.3.4.8
Table 107‑7. Design Criteria for Drilled Shafts................................................................................................107.3.4.8
Table 107‑8. Guide to Pile-Type Selection for Subsurface Conditions............................................................107.3.4.8
Table 107‑9. Guide to Pile-Shape Effects........................................................................................................107.3.4.8
Table 107‑10. Recommended Concrete Type in Corrosive Environments......................................................107.3.5.4.1
Table 109‑1. Laboratory Test Methods............................................................................................................109.2.1
Table 109‑2. Recommended Coring for Deck Testing.....................................................................................109.3.1.4
Table 109‑3. Deck Repair Evaluation Matrix...................................................................................................109.3.2
Table 109‑4. Structural Steels Used in Bridge Construction...........................................................................109.9.3.3
Table 109‑5. Unfactored Loads for Jacking (Page 2)..................................................................................109.11.2
Table 109‑6. Factored Loads for Jacking.......................................................................................................109.11.2
List of Figures
Figure 102‑1. Design Exception Request Form.....................................................................................................................................102.5.4
Figure 102‑2. Design Variance Request Form.......................................................................................................................................102.5.4
Figure 102‑3. Project Design Control Checklist Form............................................................................................................................102.5.4
Figure 102‑4. Design Criteria Form........................................................................................................................................................102.5.4
Figure 103‑1. Sample Railroad Clearance Envelope.............................................................................................................................103.3.4.3
Figure 103‑2. Bridge Skew Angle...........................................................................................................................................................103.3.6
Figure 104‑1. Flow profiles with downstream boundary uncertainty (Source: FHWA HDS-7, 2012)..................................................104.1.5
Figure 104‑2. Typical Stream Section with Definitions...........................................................................................................................104.2.3
Figure 104‑3. 24-Hour Rainfall Totals for Delaware Counties................................................................................................................104.2.3
Figure 104‑4. Coastal Plain and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of Delaware Separated by the Fall Line (USGS, 2006)..........104.2.3.2
Figure 104‑5. Design Frequency Criteria104.2.5
Figure 104‑6. Sample Plot of Upper and Lower 90% Confidence Intervals Applied To The Nanticoke River104.2.6
Figure 104‑7. Typical Slope and Bank Protection and Channel Lining104.5.2
Figure 104‑8. Riprap Sizing Based on Channel Velocities and Side Slope104.5.2
Figure 105‑1. AASHTO Soil Classification System105.4.2
Figure 105‑2. Soils/Rock Testing Program Request Form105.4.3
Figure 106‑1. Temporary Deck Overhang Form Support Loading
Figure 106‑3. Combination Railing
Figure 106‑4. Seperator Rail Between Travel Way and Pedestrian Facility
Figure 106‑5. Pedestrian or Bicycle Only Facility
Figure 106‑6. Example of Simplified Method for Calculation for Deck Joint Movements
Figure 107‑2. Recommended K Values
Figure 108‑1. Load Rating Process for Bridge Design Projects
Figure 108‑2. Load Rating Summary Table
Figure 108‑3. Legal Load Axle Loadings and Spacings (Pages 2, 3, 4)
Figure 108‑4. Permit Load Vehicle Axle Loadings and Spacings
Figure 108‑5. Fire-Truck Vehicle Axle Loadings and Spacings
Figure 108‑6. Bus Vehicle Axle Loading and Spacings
Figure 108‑7. Load Rating Summary Form
Figure 108‑8. Rating Factor Summary Form
Figure 108‑9. Posting Weight Summary Form
Figure 108‑10. Permit Analysis Summary Form
Figure 108‑11. Permit Analysis Summary Form (Page 2)
Figure 110‑1. Single Cantilever Sign Structure
Figure 110‑2. Butterfly Sign Structure
Figure 110‑3. Dual-Cantilever Sign Structure
Figure 110‑4. Single-Mast Span-Type Sign Structure
Figure 110‑5. Double-Mast Span-Type Sign Structure
Figure 110‑6. Sign Fastened to Bridge
Abbreviations and Acronyms
°C degrees Celsius
°F degrees Fahrenheit
1-D one dimensional
2-D two-dimensional
3-D three-dimensional
AADT annual average daily traffic
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ABC Accelerated Bridge Construction
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
ADD Addendum
ADT average daily traffic
ADTT average daily truck traffic
AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process
APD accelerated project delivery
AREMA American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (but this manual uses the acronym to refer to the AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering)
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASR alkali-silica reaction
ATON aids to navigation
AWS American Welding Society
BFE Base Flood Elevation
BMS Bridge Management System
BOEF Beam on elastic foundation
CADD computer-aided design and drafting
CAPWAP Case Pile Wave Analysis Program
CCA chromate copper arsenate
CCNS closed cell neoprene sponge
CE carbon equivalent
CFA continuous flight auger
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CFRP carbon fiber reinforced polymer
CJP complete joint penetration
CLOMR conditional letter of map revision
CMS Changeable Message Signs
CPM Critical Path Method
CPT Cone Penetrometer Tests
CSE copper-sulfate half-cell electrode
CTP Capital Transportation Program
DCDPF Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations
DEF delayed ettringite formation
DelDOT Delaware Department of Transportation
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DGM Design Guidance Memorandum
DHV Design Hourly Volume
DMS Dynamic Message Sign
DMT Dilatometer Test
DNREC Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
DRBA Delaware River and Bay Authority
DRC Design Resource Center
EAP Emergency Action Plan
EM Electromagnetics
EOR Engineer of Record
EPS expanded polystyrene
ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center
ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
FCM fracture critical member
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FIS Flood Insurance Study
ft feet
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GeoHMS Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension
GIS geographic information system
GPR Ground Penetrating Radar
GRS/IBS Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil / Integrated Bridge System
GUI graphical user’s interface
H:V Horizontal:Vertical
HDPE high density polyethylene
HEC Hydraulic Engineering Circular or Hydrologic Engineering Center
HEC-HMS Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
HEC-RAS Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
HEC-SSP Hydrologic Engineering Center Statistical Software Package
HFAWG Hydrologic Frequency Analysis Work Group
H&H hydrologic and hydraulic
HLMR high-load multi-rotational
HMA hot-mix asphalt
HMWM high molecular weight metharylate
HPS high-performance steel
HW headwater
IGM Intermediate Geomaterial
IR Infrared
LCCA life-cycle cost analysis
LiDAR light detection and ranging (remote sensing method)
LMC latex modified concrete
LOC limits of construction
LOMR Letter of Map Revision
LRFD load and resistance factor design
LRFR Load and Resistance Factor Rating
LTEC least total expected cost
M&R Material and Research
MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act
MASH Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware
MASW Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves
MBE Manual for Bridge Evaluation
MCFT Modified Compression Field Theory
MHW mean high water
MLW mean low water
MOT maintenance of traffic
MR&R maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation
MSE mechanically stabilized earth
NAVD 88 North American Vertical Datum of 1988
NBI National Bridge Inventory
NBIS National Bridge Inspection Standards
NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program
NCSPA National Corrugated Steel Pipe Association
NEPCOAT Northeast Protective Coating Committee
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NHD National Hydrography Dataset
NHS National Highway System
NLF No-load fit
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly SCS)
NSBA National Steel Bridge Alliance
OHW Ordinary High Water
PBES prefabricated bridge elements and systems
PCEF Prestressed Concrete Committee for Economic Fabrication
PCI Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
PCINE Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Northeast
PDA Pile Driving Analyzer
PDF Adobe Acrobat Portable Document File
PDM DelDOT Project Development Manual (2015)
PEP plain elastomeric bearing pad
PoDI Projects of Division Interest
PMF Probable Maximum Flood
PMT Pressuremeter Test
PQR Procedure Qualification Records
PS&E plans, specifications, and estimate
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
QA Quality Assurance
QC Quality Control
QA/QC Quality assurance / Quality control
RCRF Reinforced Concrete Rigid Frames
RFI request for information
RH rehabilitate
RMR Rock Mass Rating
RP replace
RQD Rock Quality Designation
S&O Stewardship and Oversight
SASW Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves
SCC self-consolidating concrete
SCL structural composite lumber
SCS Soil Conservation Service
SDF Spillway Design Flood
SDI slake durability index
SDLF steel dead load fit
SDR structure data records
SHV Specialized Hauling Vehicles
SIP Stay-in-Place
SMS (Aquaveo) Surface-Water Modeling System
SPMT self-propelled modular transporters
SPT Standard Penetration Tests
SRICOS-EFA Scour Rate in Cohesive Soil – Erosion Function Apparatus
SRM System Redundant Member
STU Shock Transmission Unit
TDLF total dead load fit
TIN triangulated irregular network
TRB Transportation Research Board
TS&L type, size, and location
UDC Unified Development Code (New Castle County)
UH unit hydrograph
UHPC ultra-high performance concrete
UIT Ultrasonic Impact Treatment
USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USBR U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
U.S.C. United States Code
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
USGS SIR USGS Scientific Investigations Report
VMS Variable Message Signs
VST Vane Shear Test
WDM Watershed Data Management
WMS Watershed Modeling System
WPS Welding Procedure Specifications
WSE water surface elevations
YS/TS Yield strength/Tensile strength